exam 3

Question 1

what are the four main types of errors in surveys

Answer 1

nonresponse
measurement error
coverage error
sampling error

Question 2

nonresponse

Answer 2

Respondents may choose to not participate in a survey at all, or they may choose not to respond to particular questions on the survey

Question 3

measurement error

Answer 3

answers may be influenced by factors such as the survey design, the interviewer, and the setting

Question 4

coverage error

Answer 4

The sampling frame does not adequately capture all the members of the target population (those without phones cannot complete a phone survey)

Question 5

sampling error

Answer 5

differences between the characteristics of the sample and the characteristics of the population that the sample represents

Question 6

response rate

Answer 6

Only completed surveys are measured in the response rate. If you don’t have that complete set it’ll skew the data so they must be completed to be measured in the response rate

Question 7

ethnography is also called what

Answer 7

participation observation

Question 8

ethnography was the principal tool of what?

Answer 8

anthropology

Question 9

being in the world and thinking about it as a social scientist results in

Answer 9

dual citizenship

Question 10

gatekeepers

Answer 10

the ones who get people in

Question 11

primary information

Answer 11

firsthand evidence in its original, unaltered form

Question 12

secondary information

Answer 12

gathered, reported, and sometimes altered by another

Question 13

self-administered questionnaire

Answer 13

a survey completed directly by respondents through the mail or online

Question 14

mode of administration

Answer 14

the way the survey is administered, such as face-to-face, by phone, mail, or online

Question 15

cross-sectional survey

Answer 15

a survey in which data are collected at only one time point

Question 16

longitudinal survey

Answer 16

a survey in which data are collected at multiple time points

Question 17

repeated cross-sectional survey

Answer 17

a type of longitudinal survey in which data are collected at multiple time points but from different subjects at each time point

Question 17

community study

Answer 17

a study that takes the entirety of social life into account but within a bounded community such as a small town or a neighborhood

Question 18

what are the modes of administration of surveys

Answer 18

face-to-face
telephone
mail
online

Question 19

ethnography

Answer 19

a research method where researchers immerse themselves in the lives and social worlds of the people they want to understand

Question 20

what makes ethnographies different from other research methods

Answer 20

in addition to telling a story, an ethnography is creating or testing a social science theory and contributing to the scientific study of society

Question 21

subculture

Answer 21

a group within a larger culture, a subset of people with beliefs and behaviors that differ from those of the larger culture.

Question 22

community studies

Answer 22

studies that take the entirety of social life into account but within a bounded community such as a small town or neighborhood

Question 23

complete participation

Answer 23

researcher “goes undercover” immersing themselves in a fieldwork site and keeping their identity as a researcher a secret

Question 24

going native

Answer 24

the threat that fieldworkers who completely immerse themselves in the world of their subjects will lose their original identity and forget they are researchers

Question 25

reactivity

Answer 25

when the presence and actions of the researcher change the behaviors and beliefs of the research subject

Question 26

cognitive dissonance

Answer 26

the unpleasant or distressing feeling we experience when we hold two discrepant beliefs, or we engage in a behavior that violates our beliefs

Question 27

participant observer

Answer 27

researcher tells at least some of the people being studied about his or her real identity as a researcher

Question 28

Hawthorne effect

Answer 28

being observed changes the subjects behavior

Question 29

observer

Answer 29

researcher tells people they are being observed but does not take part in the subjects’ activities and lives

Question 30

covert observer

Answer 30

researcher observes people who do not know they are being observed or studied

Question 31

systematic observation

Answer 31

researcher follows a checklist and timeline for observing phenomena

Question 32

grounded theory

Answer 32

suggests that researchers should extrapolate conceptual relationships from data rather than formulate testable hypotheses from existing theory

Question 33

purposive sampling

Answer 33

a sampling strategy in which cases are deliberately selected on the basis of features that distinguish them from other cases

Question 34

strengths of being an insider

Answer 34

access, acceptance, understanding, and perception that people will act more “naturally”

Question 35

strengths of being an outsider

Answer 35

gives you distance to see those assumptions and also the “ignorance” to question the behaviors that seem natural to the group

Question 36

surveys account for about __ of all published studies

Answer 36

1/3

Question 37

when does primary data collection occur

Answer 37

when social researchers design and carry out their own data collection

Question 38

secondary data source

Answer 38

a resource that was collected by someone else