exam 3 Flashcards
what are the four main types of errors in surveys
nonresponse
measurement error
coverage error
sampling error
nonresponse
Respondents may choose to not participate in a survey at all, or they may choose not to respond to particular questions on the survey
measurement error
answers may be influenced by factors such as the survey design, the interviewer, and the setting
coverage error
The sampling frame does not adequately capture all the members of the target population (those without phones cannot complete a phone survey)
sampling error
differences between the characteristics of the sample and the characteristics of the population that the sample represents
response rate
Only completed surveys are measured in the response rate. If you don’t have that complete set it’ll skew the data so they must be completed to be measured in the response rate
ethnography is also called what
participation observation
ethnography was the principal tool of what?
anthropology
being in the world and thinking about it as a social scientist results in
dual citizenship
gatekeepers
the ones who get people in
primary information
firsthand evidence in its original, unaltered form
secondary information
gathered, reported, and sometimes altered by another
self-administered questionnaire
a survey completed directly by respondents through the mail or online
mode of administration
the way the survey is administered, such as face-to-face, by phone, mail, or online
cross-sectional survey
a survey in which data are collected at only one time point
longitudinal survey
a survey in which data are collected at multiple time points
repeated cross-sectional survey
a type of longitudinal survey in which data are collected at multiple time points but from different subjects at each time point
community study
a study that takes the entirety of social life into account but within a bounded community such as a small town or a neighborhood
what are the modes of administration of surveys
face-to-face
telephone
mail
online
ethnography
a research method where researchers immerse themselves in the lives and social worlds of the people they want to understand
what makes ethnographies different from other research methods
in addition to telling a story, an ethnography is creating or testing a social science theory and contributing to the scientific study of society
subculture
a group within a larger culture, a subset of people with beliefs and behaviors that differ from those of the larger culture.
community studies
studies that take the entirety of social life into account but within a bounded community such as a small town or neighborhood
complete participation
researcher “goes undercover” immersing themselves in a fieldwork site and keeping their identity as a researcher a secret
going native
the threat that fieldworkers who completely immerse themselves in the world of their subjects will lose their original identity and forget they are researchers
reactivity
when the presence and actions of the researcher change the behaviors and beliefs of the research subject
cognitive dissonance
the unpleasant or distressing feeling we experience when we hold two discrepant beliefs, or we engage in a behavior that violates our beliefs
participant observer
researcher tells at least some of the people being studied about his or her real identity as a researcher
Hawthorne effect
being observed changes the subjects behavior
observer
researcher tells people they are being observed but does not take part in the subjects’ activities and lives
covert observer
researcher observes people who do not know they are being observed or studied
systematic observation
researcher follows a checklist and timeline for observing phenomena
grounded theory
suggests that researchers should extrapolate conceptual relationships from data rather than formulate testable hypotheses from existing theory
purposive sampling
a sampling strategy in which cases are deliberately selected on the basis of features that distinguish them from other cases
strengths of being an insider
access, acceptance, understanding, and perception that people will act more “naturally”
strengths of being an outsider
gives you distance to see those assumptions and also the “ignorance” to question the behaviors that seem natural to the group
surveys account for about __ of all published studies
1/3
when does primary data collection occur
when social researchers design and carry out their own data collection
secondary data source
a resource that was collected by someone else
