Final Exam Flashcards
The earliest domains of cellular life comprises the…
Prokaryotes
The observation that body shapes that minimize surface relative to volume are better at retaining heat in cold climates is known as…
Bergman’s Rule
At a genetic locus there are two possible alleles: T and t. T is dominant and t is recessive. This results in two possible phenotypes (T from Tt and TT, and t from tt). Two heterozygous parents (both Tt) produce offspring. Which statement is true?
There is a 25% chance that their offspring that their offspring will have the TT genotype
Mutations with an unknown cause known as…
Spontaneous mutations
When two species or populations independently develop similar biological adaptations, this is known as…
Convergent evolution
The Modern Synthesis brought together which two ideas?
Darwinian natural selection and Mendelian inheritance
How many chromosomes are in a diploid human cell?
46
Select the individual below who postulated a theory of biological evolution prior to Charles Darwin?
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck
A post productive lifespan is…
Rare in nonhuman animals, but typical of humans
Which of the following is not one of the four forces of biological evolution?
Gene flow, natural selection, mutations, transcription
Transcription
Enculturation is…
The process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations
What is an ethic approach?
An understanding of a culture from another outsider’s perspective
Who coined the term «survival of the fittest»?
Herbert Spencer
Which of the following is not a subfield of biological anthropology? Anthropometry, Primatology, Forensic Anthropology, Linguistics
Linguistics
Who discovered the first fossil human ancestors?
Eugene Dubois
What concept unites all four subfields of anthropology?
Culture
Functional adaptations include…
Developmental adaptations and acclimatization
What is the term for the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes?
Crossing over
The process by which cells replicate and divide is known as…
Mitosis
What organism did Gregor Mendel use for his studies of inheritance?
Pea plants
T/F: Uniformitariansim states that the same geological processes that we observe today also occurred in the past
True
T/F: the theory of evolutionary change via punctuated equilibria proposes that species remain unchanged over long periods of time but undergo rapid evolution following certain events, such as mass extinction
True
T/F: Macroevolution is generally studied in a lab setting, whereas microevolution is generally studied in the paleontological record
False
T/F: Georges Cuvier thought that species evolution occurred through catastrophic events
True
T/F: Anthropology is holistic, integrative, and comparative
True
T/F: Gregor Mendel’s experiments showed that blending inheritance is indeed how genes are passed from parents to offspring
False
T/F: Charles Darwin formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations in southeastern Asia and Australia
False
T/F: A farm shift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a genome base
True
T/F: Coding DNA is also known as «junk DNA»
False
T/F: A polygenic trait is one where a phenotype is affected many selective pressures
False
T/F: After a theory is proven true, it becomes a scientific law
False
T/F: Mutation and gene flow are the two forces of evolution that introduce genetic variation into a populations
True
T/F: Pleiotropy is when a gene affects multiple phenotypes
True
T/F: Diffusion is when a cultural trait moves from one culture to another
True
T/F: Microsatellites are highly individualistic segments of repeated DNA
True
T/F: Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus
False
T/F: Fitness is some measure of the propensity to produce future generations of offspring
True
T/F: Morphospecies are defined by their ability to produce fertile offspring
False
T/F: Genetic drift is a strong force of genetic evolution when population sizes are small
True
T/F: A deme consists of members of a population that can produce offspring
True
List the Linnaean levels in order from most general to most specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species/Specific Epithet
Match the nucleotide with its complementary nucleotide
Adenine
Cytosine
Adenine -> Thymine
Cytosine -> Guanine
List the six postnatal stages of human life in order, stating with earliest ending with latest
Neonatal Period, Infancy, Childhood, Juvenile Period, Puberty, Adolescence
What epoch is popularly known as the «Ice Age»?
Pleisotcene
Which primates often have ischial callosities?
Cercopithecoidea
Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have how many premolars in their dental formula?
2
What is a sagittal crest?
A bony ridge on the skull than anchors the temporalis muscle
The mineral component of bone is known as…
Bioapatite
The wet pad at the end of the strepsirrhine nose is known as a …
Rhinarium
Which bone acts as a strut for the upper limbs in primates?
Clavicle
Which apes have almost no body size sexual dimorphism?
Gibbons and siamangs
What term describes how humans place their feet on the ground while standing and walking?
Plantigrade
Which monkeys typically birth twins?
Tamarins and marmosets
Which bone plays a strong role in human speech?
Hyoid
Which primate has been observed hunting galagos with wooden spears?
Chimpanzees
Primate groups with one breeding female and multiple breeding males are…
Ployandrous
At what level can the bonobo Kanzi understand human language?
A human two-year old
Which dating method relies on electron traps in quartz grains?
Luminescence dating
The study of how biological materials move from the biosphere to the lithosphere is known as…
Taphonomy
Approximately how many years old is the Earth?
4.54 billion years old
What is the Fayum Depression for?
An abundance of Oligocene primate fossils
What anatomical term means «toward the body»?
Proximal
For what does the tarsier get its name?
It’s elongated foot bones
T/F: Long bones are found mainly in the axial skeleton?
False
T/F: The organic component of bone is made up of collagen
True
T/F: Ortiz displayed exceptional organic preservation due to the fact that he has been buried by snow and ice in the Alps
True
T/F: In non-human primates, dominance hierarchies in males are usually established through aggressive encounters, though in females they are typically inherited
True
Socioecology is the study of connections between social organization, diet, and ecology
True
T/F: Dermal ridges are found not only on fingers and toes, but also on the underside of prehensile tails in those monkeys that have them
True
T/F: The scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton and comprises part of the shoulder
True
T/F: Galagos are haplorhines
False
T/F: The continents were in their approximate modern positions by the Paleozoic
False
T/F: like non-human primates, humans have a diastema
False
T/F: Like bone, tooth enamel will remodel throughout an individual’s lifetime
False
T/F: The Mesozoic is an epoch within the Pleistocene era
False
T/F: Dryopithecids were a group of European apes that emerged in the mid Miocene
True
T/F: Tool use has been documented in apes but never in monkeys
False
T/F: Relative to most other mammals, female primates birth few young and can have long inter-birth intervals
True
We can use radiocarbon dating to figure out the ages of Paleocene and Eocene fossils
False
T/F: The only two continents that have never been natural habitats for non-human primates are North America and Antarctica
False
T/F: Plesiadapiforms were the earliest hominids, and they date to the early Eocene
False
T/F: Subfossils still retain much of their biological composition, having not yet become part of the geologic record
True
T/F: In howler monkeys, females make loud calls primarily to signal the location to their group
False
Traits of Strepshirhini
Toilet claw, dental comb, rhinorium, and prognathic face
Traits of Hominoidea
Y-5 molar cusp pattern and lack of tail
Traits of Platyrrhini
Widely spaced nostrils, some have prehensile tails
Traits of Catarrhini
Closely spaced nostrils, non have prehensile tails
Traits of Hylobatidae
Brachiation, also no sexual dimorphism, no tails
Traits of Proconsulids
Ape-like faces and heads, monkey-like limbs, existed during the Miocene
Traits of Plesiadapiforms
Claws, no post-orbital bar, existing during the Paleocene
Traits of Tarsiiforms
Toilet claw, no dental comb, a single eye is larger than the brain
Traits of Dermoptera
Glide through the air, dental comb, and found only in Southeast Asia
Traits in Homininae
Can develop some understanding of human language, can learn and teach how to use tools
What geological scale in Phanerozoic
Eon
What geological scale is Cenozoic
Era
What geological scale is Quaternary?
Period
What geological scale is Holocene?
Epoch
What geological scale is Meghalayan?
Age
What is the name of the only site from which Homo naledi is known?
Rising Star Cave System
What is the Movius Line?
A geographic border that defines where the Acheulean Tradition was present or absent
With which species is the Acheulean tradition associated?
Homo erectus/ ergaster
Which feature does not define Homo habilis?
Tall stature similar to modern humans
What paleoanthropological find is Dikika, Ethiopia known for?
Cut marked animal bones that predate Oldowan?
What is the earliest known stool tool industry?
Oldowan
What is the approximate cranial capacity of modern humans?
1350 cc
What species is a possible direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens
Homo heidelbergensis
Species of Australopithecus do not include
Neanderthalensis
One location that has yielded a rich record of Pliocene hominin fossils is:
East African Rift System
What feature does not define Homo neanderthalensis
T’aller stature and longer limbs than modern humans
Which of these is an early modern Homo sapiens fossil from Africa?
Herto
At 7-6 million years ago, what is the earliest known possible hominin species?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Approximately how many years old are the potential stone tools from Lomekwi, Kenya
3.3 million years old
From which continent do we have fossil evidence of the earliest Homo sapiens?
Africa
What site yielded a Neanderthal burial that contained large amounts of flower pollen?
Shanidar cave
What species was «Java Man»?
Homo erectus
In the video Great Human Odyssey, Blombos Cave is noteworthy for containing:
Large quantities of ochre, some of which used artistically or for communication by early modern humans
The famous fossil skeleton of Lucy belongs to which species
Australopithecus afarensis
Which feature emerged first in the hominin evolutionary timeline
Bipedalism
T/F: Zhoukoudin Cave is known for a large collection of Australopithecus fossils
False
T/F: Several traits distinguish Homo sapiens from earlier species of Homo. Two of them are our chins and vertical foreheads
True
Unlike later hominins, Ardipithecus ramidus had a grasping big toe
True
T/F: chimpanzees have a cranial capacity of about 850-1050 cc
False
T/F: An alternate genus name for the robust species of Australopithecus is Paranthropus
True
T/F: Denny was a 13 year old girl who had both Neanderthal and Denisovan parents
True
T/F: Homo floresiensis and H. Luzonensis had experienced evolutionary island gigantism. They had the largest bodies of any member of Homo that paleoanthropologists are currently aware of
False
T/F: During the transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene, forest ecosystems in Africa fragmented into savannahs and into smaller forests broken up by grasslands
True
T/F: Homo habilis lived around 150-250 Kya
False
T/F: Homo erectus/ergaster is the first hominin that was widespread outside of Africa
True
T/F: Homo heidelbergensis had a larger brain than Homo erectus, though it was still slightly smaller than modern humans and Neanderthals
True
T/F: on average, Neanderthals had larger brains than modern Homo sapiens
True
T/F: plant and animal domestication occurred independently multiple times across the world
True
T/F: Neanderthals made Mousterian tools
True
T/F: Lumpers define few past species based on the fossil record, whereas splitters define many past species based on the fossil record
True
T/F: Relative to quadrupedalism, bipedalism reduces exposure to solar radiation
True
T/F: H. Rudolfensis resembles a larger version of H. Habilis, and the two may in fact be a single species
True
T/F: Contrary to popular depictions of Neanderthals as hunters, evidence suggests that they ate very little meat
False
T/F: Genetic evidence suggests that modern humans and Neanderthals interbred
True
T/F: A. Garbi is the earliest known member of the genus Australopithecus
True
Where are the Laetoli footprints found?
Africa
Where is the Feldhofer Cave found?
Europe
Where is Annick found?
North America
Where is Lake Mungo found?
Australia
Where is the Zhoukoudian Cave found?
Asia
What species is Ardi?
Ardipithecus ramidus
What species is the Nariokotome Boy?
Homo erectus/ergaster
What species is OH 62?
Homo habilis
What species is Anzick?
Homo sapiens
What species is Shanidar 4 burial?
Homo neanderthalensis
Who made Oldowan tools?
Homo habilis and possibly very late Australopithecus
Who made Acheulean tools?
Homo erectus/ ergaster
Who made Levallois tools?
Homo heidelbergensis
Who made Mousterian tools?
Homo neanderthalensis
Who made Lomekwi tools?
If they are indeed tools, then they would have been made by Australopithecus
