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Biological Anthropology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Distinguishing traits of hominins

A

larger brain size, bipedal, parabolic dental arch, reduction of facial projection, think molar enamel

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2
Q

Why move to bipedalism

A

climate change, bulky food, reduced exposure to sun,

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3
Q

What came first, Bipedalism or brain expansion?

A

bipedalism

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4
Q

how can we tell that the first hominins were upright?

A

innominate bones. illium is short and borad and flares out at the top, then twists to the side. toe bone, fragments of femur and tibia

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5
Q

3 reasons of bipedalism

A

upright provider, unright scavenger, aquatic ape

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6
Q

upright provider

A

walking frees the hands for carrying

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7
Q

upright scavenger

A

scavenger can scan territory and walk longer distances

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8
Q

aquatic ape

A

wetlands provide resources that are not usually eaten by primates, filling a niche

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9
Q

lumpers

A

approach of classification. tend to characterize similar fossils in the same species

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10
Q

splitters

A

approach of classification tends to create new species

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11
Q

Late Miocene Hominins

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin Tugenensis, Ardipithecus kadabba

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12
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

cranium similar to modern chimps, oldest known species in human family tree, ape like and human like features

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13
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

A

bipedal (femur), size of chimp, thick tooth enamel, possibly in Gorillini rather than Hominini

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14
Q

Ardipithecus Kadabba

A

known from very few specimens from six localities in Ethiopia

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15
Q

Early Pliocene Hominins

A

Australopithecus, widespread in Africa

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16
Q

Aridipithecus ramidus (Ardi)

A

Ethiopia, brain size of chimp, bipedal, arboreal and terrestrial

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17
Q

Genus Australopithecus

A

early bipeds, Eastern, Southern, and Central Africa, directly ancestral to humans

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18
Q

law of competitive exclusion

A

if two closely related species compete for a niche, one will win and the other will become extinct

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19
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A

“Lucy”, Easter Africa, Ape and human like
ape: flat nose, projecting lower jaw, small brain case
human: bipedal, small canine teeth

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20
Q

Lucy

A

Australopithecus afarensis, 40% complete, flat feet

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21
Q

Laetoli footprints

A

oldest ichnological evidence of bipedalism, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

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22
Q

Burtele footprints

A

Ethiopia, contemporary of A.afarensis, retained divergent big toe

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23
Q

Australopithecus deyiremeda

A

Ethiopia, smallest teeth among australopithecines

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24
Q

Australopithecus africanus

A

South Africa, similar to A.afarensis, but rounder cranium with a larger brain and smaller teeth, bipedal but also adapted to the trees

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25
Q

Taung child

A

A. africanus, first hominin fossil found in Africa. 3 year old child possibly killed by an eagle

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26
Q

Australopithecus garhi

A

Pliocene- Pleistocene transition, prognathic face, large teeth, arm/leg ration closer to Homo, possible tool-user, small brain

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27
Q

Australopithecus sediba

A

South Africa, facial features similar to Homo, small brain, pelvis and leg bones suggest a gate between Australopithecus and Homo

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28
Q

Kenyanthropus playtops

A

Kenya, flat face, small teeth

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29
Q

Late Miocene/ Early Pliocene Hominins

A

Genus Paranthropus

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30
Q

Genus Paranthropus

A

often synonymized with genus Australopithecus. “dead end” lineage, sagittal crest, adapted for heavy chewing, early tool makers

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31
Q

Why do so many early hominin fossils come from only a few areas?

A

widespread across Africa. a lot of the fossil record is either lost or deeply buried

32
Q

What best described human evolution?

A

“broken”, not a linear line, but a gradual evolution towards “modern” human features

33
Q

H. habilis

A

branches off from main line of the Australopithecus. Eastern and southern Africa, less prognathic, larger brain, cultural manipulation (language, forethought, artistic expression, small teeth

34
Q

H. habilis tool making

A

Oldowan tool industry, chopper most common tool, percussion method (requires skill, mental template of what result should look like)

35
Q

H. habilis fate

A

remains disappear about 1.8 mya, appears to have evolved into another hominin species

36
Q

H. rudolfensis

A

H. habilis? Kenya’s Lake Turkana, known from cranial material, larger than H. habilis (pronounced sexual dimporphism or different species?)

37
Q

lumpers vs. splitters H. erectus

A

lumpers believe that all hominins between H. habilis and H. sapiends are H. erectus
splitters believe say that this period of human evolution presents us with a number of relation, but more or less geographically separate species

38
Q

H. erectus

A

Africa, China, Europe, Georgia, India, Java, possibly language and fire, hunting, tool making, skull is larger and less apelike, brow ridges and longer skull

39
Q

Nariokotome Boy

A

H. erectus, Kenya, 80% complete juvenile skeleton, bigger brain, short arms and long legs, terrestrail

40
Q

Acheulean tradition

A

handaxe typifies H. erectus, earliest and simplest of handaxes have been found in Africa

41
Q

fossils in China

A

associated with H. erectus, strongly resemble Nariokotome Boy, possible fire use, no Acheulean tools, may have derived from a population of H. ergaster

42
Q

fossils in Europe

A

oldest fossils found in Gran Dolina in Spain, entered Europe 1.2 mya

43
Q

Pleistocene epoch

A

fluctuating climate, with periods called glacials

44
Q

intelligence in early hominins

A

H. erectus seems to have been the first human ancestor to rely on the invented, learned, and passed-down adaptations of culture for survival

45
Q

control of fire in early hominins

A

H. erectus was first ancestor able to control fire, burned seeds and flint at Gesher Benot Ya’agov, Isreal, indicate control of fire 800 kys

46
Q

H. ergaster

A

large bodies, long legs and short arms, slower growth rate, reduced sexual dimorphism

47
Q

H. heidelbergensis

A

southwestern Asia and Africa, changes in stone tool and technology, larger brain, starts making Levallois tools

48
Q

meat eating in early hominins

A

increase body size and large brains, Australopithecus-Homo transition, Acheulean tools consistent with meat cutting, hunting

49
Q

Richard Wrangham’s cooking hypothesis

A

allows for easier digestion of animal protein and reduction in tooth and jaw size

50
Q

H. naledi

A

contemporaries of Neanderthals, Rising Star Cave system in South Africa, small brain, no known tools, legs and feet like modern human

51
Q

Hobbitses

A

H. floresienses and H. luzonensis

52
Q

H. floresienses

A

short stature, small brains and large teeth, not pathological H. sapien, own genus within Homo

53
Q

H. luzonensis

A

another population of dwarf hominins, Philippines

54
Q

2 possibilities of Neanderthals

A

1) branch of human family tree that went extinct after appearance of modern humans
2) Descendants of the Neanderthals still alive (interbred with modern humans)

55
Q

H. neanderthals

A

Europe and southwest Asia, large brains, limbs were short and robust (cold climates), high levels of strength and endurance,

56
Q

stone tools in Neanderthals

A

Mousterian toolmaking tradition, refinement of the Levallois technique, a continuation of the Middle Paleolithic

57
Q

language in Neanderthals

A

symbolic thought process, hypoid bone, neural development, hypoglossal canal

58
Q

compassion in Neanderthals

A

care for physically disabled members, survival of individuals who had significant health problems

59
Q

symbolic expression in Neanderthals

A

polished and incised ivory, possibly worn as jewelry

60
Q

burial of the dead in the Neanderthals

A

evidence suggests that they interred their dead and including simple items such as stone or bone implements. Shanidar Cave: 4 burial loaded with flower pollen

61
Q

Mousterian Tradition

A

drastic increase in amount of working edge from a core, lighter and smaller, more variety in tool kit

62
Q

Denisovans

A

likey evolved from H. erectus in Asia, contemporaries of Neanderthals

63
Q

Denny

A

half Neanderthal half denisovan child, 13 year old girl, found in Siberian cave

64
Q

characteristsics of anatomically modern h. sapiens

A

increased cranial capacity, vertiacal forehead, non-continuous brow ridge, flat non-projecting face

65
Q

replacement model

A

fossils represent extinct forms of humans beings that contributed nothing to the evolution of modern humanity. Pre-moderns couldn’t successfully compete for resources with modern humans and became extinct

66
Q

according to the replacement model, we should find

A

oldest fossils in Africa and no where else
intermediate forms only in Africa
chronological overlap between emigrant moderns and indigenous pre-moderns
anatomical differences between modern and pre-moderns outside Africa
genetic differences
sudden arrival of African artifacts in Europe and Asia

67
Q

multiregional model

A

evolution of modern human beings process, not an event restricted to a single region. various groups evolved together

68
Q

according to the multiregional model, we should find:

A

early versions of anatomically modern H. sapiens in different regions
intermediate forms in all regions
no chronological overlap between premodern and modern forms
anatomical continuity between premodern and modern humans outside Afirca
genetic continuity
artifactual continuity

69
Q

middle ground / genetic replacement

A

it may be true that the first anatomically modern human beings spread from Africa, but this does not mean that they simply replaced the pre-modern populations they encountered

70
Q

According to the intermediate view, we might find:

A

oldest remains in Africa
some intermediate forms outside Africa
some chronological overlap outside Africa
continuity of regional physical traits in local premodern groups
continuity, and development, in genetic material
continuity, and development, in artifacts

71
Q

advanced artifacts in H. sapiens

A

blade tools, African immigrants did not take their technology with them, but immigrants to Europe did

72
Q

Why were the Neanderthals replaced?

A

less well nourished, harris lines and enamel hypoplasia, required more food. we had better tools, better heating, better methods of extracting nutrition from bones

73
Q

Anatomically modern humans in Europe

A

abundant after 30 kya, cro-magnons, beginning of the upper Paleolithic in Europe

74
Q

Anatomically modern humans in Australia

A

lake mungo, sparse populations through the Pleistocene and Holocene, likey required boats

75
Q

Anatomically modern humans in Americas

A

people migrated from Siberia, Bering Sea was a land mass during Pleistocene. required boats. Indigenous populations 13 kya

76
Q

Kennewick Man

A

controversial humans from WA, interpreted by some as European, used to suggest an Atlantic route, falsified using ancient DNA

Biological Anthropology (4 decks)

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