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Biological Anthropology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how many primate species are there?

A

about 230 species

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2
Q

how many primate families

A

about 13 families

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3
Q

what are primates?

A

vertebrates, warm-blooded, tetrapods (four limbs), produce milk, have hair

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4
Q

defining behavioral traits for primates

A

arboreal adaptations, dietary plasticity, parental investment, prolonged growth periods

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5
Q

arboreal

A

living in trees

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6
Q

what adaptations help primates be arboreal?

A

joint mobility, clavical bone acts as strut, arm mobility, opposable thumb

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7
Q

power grip

A

the palm grips an object, while the fingers and thumb wrap around the object from opposite sites

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8
Q

precision grip

A

the thumb and 1+ fingertips provide fine grasping

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9
Q

five types of vertebrae

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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10
Q

primates have a ___ shaped spine. humans have a ____ shaped spine

A

primates have a C shaped spine
humans have a S shaped spine

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11
Q

dermal ridges

A

enhance tactile sense, friction, and resistance to slipping, enhanced sense of touch

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12
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

depth perception caused by front facing eyes

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13
Q

postorbital bar

A

bar in the skull going over the eye, allows for the back and front to be exposed

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14
Q

rhinarium

A

wet pad at the end of the nose, most primates lack these

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15
Q

orthognathic face

A

flat face from the lack of a rhinarium and therefore a shortened snout. usually resulting in a reduced sense of smell

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16
Q

prognathic face

A

protruding snout with a pronounced rostrum (lemurs)

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17
Q

dental formula

A

four numbers depicting the numbers of incisors, canines, premolards, and molars in one quadrant of the mouth (humans: 2.1.2.3), often reflects high dietary plasticity and diversity

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18
Q

bilophodont dentition

A

four cusps on each upper and lower molar situated on two ridges (old world monkeys)

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19
Q

tooth comb

A

lower incisors that are elongated, crowded, and project forward. seen in lemurs, lorises, and galagos, helps with grooming

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20
Q

non-honing canine

A

canine appears similar to a pointed incisor and functions similarly (seen in humans and thei hominin ancestors)

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21
Q

canin-premolar honing complex

A

the upper and lower canines rest in a tooth gap (seen in all other primates)

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22
Q

sectorial

A

the lower third premolar has a single cusp with a sharp cutting edge, like a small canine

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23
Q

how are primate parental investment different from other mammals?

A

female primates give birth to few offspring and birth spacing intervals are long. mothers spend more time provisioning offspring with food and teaching social behavior

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24
Q

how are primate brains differnt from other mammals?

A

larger relative to body size. more gyri and sulci for more socially complex primates, parts of the brain associated with smell and hearing are relatively small

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25
Q

if the 230+ species are expanded to subspecies, there are how many primate

A

600 primates

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26
Q

Traditional (gradistic) primate taxonomy

A

based on anatomical complexity, ignores ancestral relationships

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27
Q

cladistic (phylogenetic)

A

combined anatomical and genetic evidence, attempts to reconstruct ancestral relationships

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28
Q

two suborders of Traditional

A

Prosimii and Anthropoidea

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29
Q

two suborders of Cladistic

A

Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini

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30
Q

clade

A

a group within a given taxonomic level. contains all groups at mroe specific levels nested within that group, all sharing a common ancestor

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31
Q

primitive trait

A

a trait that is retained and inherited from an ancestor

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32
Q

derived trait

A

a trait that ahs emreged since a clade descended from a common ancestor

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33
Q

Strepsirrhini

A

closely resemble the most recent common ancestor of all primates

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34
Q

all Strepsirrhini have…

A

rhinarium, prognathic face, enlarged nasal passages, large olfactory bulb in the brain, scent glands, dental comb, “toilet claw”

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35
Q

how do Strepsirrhini communicate?

A

distinctive calls, scent marking with urine

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36
Q

Lorisoidea

A

subfamily of Strepsirrhini, lives in forest of India and Southeast Asia, noctural

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37
Q

Lemuroidea

A

subfamily of Strepsirrhini, Madagascar

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38
Q

Haplorrhini

A

larger brains than Strepsirrhini, more sexual dimporphism

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39
Q

Tarsiiforms

A

one of two haplorrhine suborder, small nocturnal, toilet claw

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40
Q

tarsier

A

elongated tarsal (foot) bones, helps with leaping

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41
Q

Anthropoidea

A

one of two haplorrhine suborder, monkeys, apes ,humans

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42
Q

Anthropoidea characterists

A

large body sizes and large brains, diurnal, arboreal but adaptations to terrestrial life, small closely spaces eyes

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43
Q

Platyrrhini

A

one of two Anthropoidea parvorders, new world monkeys

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44
Q

Platyrrhini characterists

A

defined by broad noses with nostrils that face out to the side, small, prehensile tails

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45
Q

Catarrhini

A

one of two Anthropoidea parvorder, Old World Monkeys

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46
Q

Catarrhini characterists

A

no prehensile tails, ischial callosity (used for social signaling)

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47
Q

Hominoidea

A

Superfamily of Hominoidea, apes and humans

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48
Q

Hominoidea characteristics

A

most orthognathic faces among primates, most are arboreal but spend time on ground, lack a tail

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49
Q

Pogninae

A

within genus Pongo, high sexual dimorphism in body size, solitary social structure

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50
Q

Gorillinae

A

genus Gorilla, largest primate, large social groups and sexual dimporphism, closely related to chimpanzees and humans that orangutans

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51
Q

Panini

A

one genus, Pan. Knuckle-Walking, chimpanzees and bonobos

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52
Q

hominini

A

homo sapiens, largest brain relative to body size highly orthognathic faces and small teeth, little hair, limited sexual dimorphism

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53
Q

changes in human skeleton

A

s-shaped spine, foramen mognum located at the bottom of the skull, pelvis is compressed and oriented laterally, femures are oriented towards the body midline

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54
Q

what are primates most closely related to?

A

Order Dermoptera- the colugos “flying lemurs”

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55
Q

Jane Goodall

A

1st person to perform prolonged observations of wild chimpanzees

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56
Q

what did Jane Goodalls work establish?

A

chimpanzees are highly intelligent, form strong social bonds between mothers and offspring and between siblings, use sticks and leaves as tools, hunted animals (including other primates)

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57
Q

primate social behavior takes many forms

A

hugging, touching, lip smacking, vocalizing, greeting, grooming, scent marking, mouthing, mounting

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58
Q

social behavior in primates is assumed to be,,,

A

adaptive (used to enhance survival, can predict lifespan)

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59
Q

residence pattern

A

the pattern by which each sex either stays with a social group or disperses to a new group after reaching sexual maturity

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60
Q

six general residence patterns in primates

A

1) one male, multifemale
2) one female, multimale
3) multifemale, multimale
4) all male
5) one female, one male
6) solitary

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61
Q

one male, multifemale

A

“harem”, polygynous, male offspring disperse after reaching sexual maturity, typical of orangutans, gorillas, howler monkeys, and some catarrhine

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62
Q

one female, multimale

A

polyandrous, many (not all) female offspring disperse after reaching sexual maturity, alloparenting, only present in some platyrrhines

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63
Q

alloparenting

A

adult males contribute to offspring provisioning

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64
Q

multifemale, multimale

A

promiscuous mating, low mate competition, chimpanzees, some platyrrhines, many catarrhines

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65
Q

all male

A

“Bacherlor troupes” temporary groups in some species, associated with alliances

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66
Q

one female, one male

A

monogamous, norm in hylobatids

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67
Q

solitary

A

interactions between males and females ONLY during mating, orangutans, lorises, and galagos

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68
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

a physical indicator of how reproductive strategies typically vary between males and females in primates

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69
Q

sexual selection

A

reproductive benefits accrue when males can successfully intimidate or fight competitors, or when females prefer these traits (large canines and body size in males)

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70
Q

infanticide

A

common in primates. Linked to residence patterns where dispersing males enter a new social group with existing offspring

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71
Q

Dominance Hierarchies

A

hierarchies determined by the ability to intimidate or defeat another individual in a pairwise interaction

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72
Q

male dominance hierarchies

A

established through a series of aggressive encounters. ranks often increase with age until a point where injuries or senescence inhibit the ability to compete

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73
Q

female dominance hierarchies

A

strongly determined by inheritance. ranks are passed down through matrilines (mother to daughter), and older females do not necessarily lose their status

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74
Q

examples of cooperation

A

hunt, grooming, warning signals, food sharing

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75
Q

kin selection

A

may explain cooperation. related male chimpanzee males will patrol territory borders and attack/kill foreign males that wander into the territory

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76
Q

why is cooperation so widespread among primates?

A

Susanne Schultz says it is because cooperation is a response to being preyed upon

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77
Q

food quality

A

food must have adequate energy and protein that are digestible

78
Q

food distribution

A

the location of food is key to reducing energy expended during foraging

79
Q

food availability

A

seasonal fluctuations in food can become a serious problem. seasonal fluctuations in food availability tend to be lower near the equator

80
Q

how do chimpanzees demonstrate a capacity for abstract thinking?

A

crack open nuts with rocks, use a sharp stone tool to cut a cord connected a box with food, make crud stone tools, and taught all of this to other chimpanzees

81
Q

local cultural traditions

A

chimpanzee tool use is localized

82
Q

communication in primates

A

communication is not as advanced as humans, but they are still complex and varied, social and ecological information. individual patterns of communication

83
Q

Dorthy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth

A

primatologists who recorded infant vervet monkeys. mothers recognized infant specific calls

84
Q

how do primates communicate

A

grunts, pants, hoots, screams, barks (maybe when encountering food)

85
Q

affixation

A

adding a prefix or suffix to a sound to modify the meaning of the

86
Q

Kanzi

A

chimpanzee who learnt lexigrams and could understand human language

87
Q

human skeleton is made up of…

A

bones, cartilage, and teeth

88
Q

teeth are made up of,,,

A

enamel, dentine, cementum, and a pulp chamber

89
Q

bones and cartilage

A

connective tissues with organic and inorganic components

90
Q

organic component that makes up bones and cartilage

A

collagen

91
Q

collagen

A

fibrils of proteins arranged in a triple helix

92
Q

inorganic components that make up bones and tissue

A

hydroxy(1)apatite
“bioapatite”
calcium phosphate

93
Q

what makes bones resilient

A

collagen provides tensile strength and apatite provides torional strength

94
Q

the crown of the tooth

A

visible above the gum line. anchored to alveolar bone through the root and periodontal ligament

95
Q

cartilage

A

softest skeletal tissue. serves as a shock absorber and prevents bone surfaces from rubbing against each other

96
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull and ribcage (center)

97
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

limbs (arms, legs, collarbone, pelvis)

98
Q

superior vs inferior

A

top vs bottom skeleton

99
Q

right lateral vs left lateral

A

your right and left limps

100
Q

anterior vs posterior

A

front vs back

101
Q

coronal plane

A

cut front from back

102
Q

sagittal plane

A

cut right from left

103
Q

transverse plane

A

cut top from bottom

104
Q

proximal

A

limbs moving closer to the body

105
Q

distal

A

limbs moving away from the body

106
Q

dorsal

A

back of hand and foot

107
Q

palmar

A

palm of the hand

108
Q

plantar

A

bottom of the foot

109
Q

long bones

A

only found in the appendicular skeleton. comprised of a diaphysis and two or more epiphyses

110
Q

flat bones

A

found in the skull, shoulder, and pelvis

111
Q

sesamoid bones

A

found in the wrist, ankles, and knees. approximately equal in length, width, and thickness

112
Q

foramen

A

a hole that goes from the exterior to interior bone surface

113
Q

fossa

A

a depressed surface, usually adjacent to a muscle attachment site or where an adjacent bone articulates

114
Q

process

A

a protusion

115
Q

condyle

A

an articular surface that allows movement along one or two anatomical planes

116
Q

head

A

a spherical on the ends of some long bones, provides maximum movement

117
Q

sutures

A

joins the bones that make up the brain case

118
Q

parts of the ribcage

A

ribs, costal cartilage, sternum

119
Q

parts of the arm

A

humerus, ulma, radius

120
Q

parts of the hand

A

phalanges, metacarpals

121
Q

parts of the pelvic girdle

A

innominate, sacrum, coccyx

122
Q

parts of the legs

A

femur, patella, tibia, fibula

123
Q

parts of the feet

A

phalanges and metatarsals

124
Q

geologic time

A

necessary to organize events in Earth’s history

125
Q

strata

A

segments of time correspond to stata with uneven global distributions

126
Q

strata record information about…

A

changes in earth’s climate and atmosphere and changes in biotic communities

127
Q

phases of geologic time

A

eon, era, period, epoch, age

128
Q

what geologic time do we live in?

A

Meghalayan Age of the Holocene Epoch, within the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era, all within the Phanerozoic Eon

129
Q

Hadean Eon

A

Formation of Earth and its crust, origin of life on Earth

130
Q

Archean Eon

A

first bacteria, oldest observed Earth rocks

131
Q

Proterozoic Eon

A

earliest known multicellular life, very earliest animals at the end

132
Q

Phanerozoic Eon

A

widespread evidence for complex multicellular life

133
Q

Phanerozoic Era is divided by

A

catastrophic extinctions

134
Q

paleozoic era

A

Cambrian Explosion, first terrestrial plants and animals

135
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

Begins with End Permian Extinction, era of dinosaurs

136
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

“recent life”, begins with K/T Extinction, rapid diversification of mammals

137
Q

Paleogene Period

A

adaptive radiation of birds and mammals, diversification of marine mammals

138
Q

neogene period

A

earliest hominins

139
Q

Quaternary Period

A

cold glacial cycles, rapid climate transitions, emergence of modern humans

140
Q

Pleistocene epoch

A

the “ice age”, diversification of large mammals, large ice sheets, humans occupy all continents but Antarctica

141
Q

Holocene Epoch

A

rapid growth of human populations, much warmer temperatures

142
Q

Pleistocene-Holocene Transition

A

about 10,000 year climatic transition, general warming but includes cold reversals. mass extinction, predominantly large animals

143
Q

Greenlandian Age

A

“Early Holocene”, steady warming trend, recession of ice sheets, rising sea levels

144
Q

Northgrippian Age

A

“Middle Holocene”, ice sheets gone, hot and erratic climates in northern hemisphere

145
Q

Meghalayan Age

A

“Late Holocene”, begins with a multi century drought across southern Asia

146
Q

Anthropocene

A

proposed new epoch following the Holocene, starts at maybe 1950 hand in hand with nuclear testing

147
Q

fossil

A

any trace of biological life left in the geological record. petrified organic tissues

148
Q

subfossils

A

biological material that is being incorporated into the geological record

149
Q

what are the most common tissues to survive?

A

teeth and bones, typically found in sedimentary deposits or rocks formed from time transgressive pressure on these deposits

150
Q

Ichnology

A

the study of fossil footprints

151
Q

how does fossilization occur

A

rapid burial, very wet anoxic conditions, dry conditions, or cold conditions that inhibit bacterial activities, peats, desert caves, and permafrost, alluvial systems and volcanic eruptions

152
Q

bog bodies

A

from peat bogs in northern europe, soft tissue preservation

153
Q

Otzi the Iceman

A

died in the Alps about 5180, preservation due to cold weather

154
Q

Taphonomy

A

“Burial Laws”, things that could interfere with learning about a fossil. organism’s journey through stages, relies on uniformitarianism

155
Q

relative dating

A

ordering events in time

156
Q

absolute dating

A

events on a calendrical timescale

157
Q

Law of superposition

A

Nicolaus Steno. youngest strata on top of older strata

158
Q

stratigraphic correlation

A

strata are discontinuous across landscapes. they can be matched based on similarities to understand the relative sedimentary sequence across broad geographic scales

159
Q

Index fossils

A

fossils occur in discrete strata corresponding to ranges of time and can therefore serve as temporal markers for

160
Q

Fluorine dating

A

geochemical. bone absorbs from sediments

161
Q

obsidian hydration dating

A

geochemical. obsidian developed a rind with exposure to water, thickness corresponds to age

162
Q

Dendrochronology

A

AE Douglass, relies on trees with annual growth rings. thickness of rings varies due to interannual variation in temp and precipitation

163
Q

downsides of dendrochronology

A

not all regions have suitable tree species, oldest chronology only goes back about 13,000 years

164
Q

radiometric dating

A

relies on the decay of radioactive isotopes. requires a known half life and a zeroing event

165
Q

types of radiometric dating

A

radiocarbon dating, Uranium-lead dating, Potassium-argon dating, radionuclide dating

166
Q

radiocarbon dating

A

Willard Libby, measured time since organism died. 14C decays to 14N, but living organism have ratio 14C:12C. after death, ration declines

167
Q

downside of radiocarbon dating

A

not very useful for studying most human evolution. sample back 55,000 years before 14C becomes too sparse to accurately measures. can only be used on organic remains . zero point is unstable (ratio has changed throughout time)

168
Q

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)

A

quartz crystals form electron traps, flushed when exposed to light. measures the time since quartz grains were exposed to light

169
Q

Thermoluminescence

A

electron traps flushed when exposed to temps 300-450 C. used to measure when quartz grains were last heated to these temps (Igneous rocks, fired pottery)

170
Q

Arboreal Hypothesis

A

proposed by Sir Grafton Elliot Smith and Frederic Wood Jones
large brains and better vision needed to navigate three-dimensional space

171
Q

visual predation hypothesis

A

Matt Cartmill. traits favored for predation on insects

172
Q

Angiosperm Radiation hypothesis

A

Robert Sussmqn. more plants evolving to produce fruit, favored animals that live in canopy (grasping hands and good eyesight)

173
Q

what primate is thought to be the first Anthropoid?

A

Archicebus achilles, but it looks like both tarsiiform and anthropoid (foot and ankle bones of a monkey, skull of tarsier)

174
Q

basal anthropoids

A

emerged during the mid Eocene, earliest Anthropoid lineage that gave rise to modern Anthropoid

175
Q

Eosimias

A

“dawn monkey”, discovered in China, about 42 mya. heel bones looks a lot like other Anthropoid

176
Q

Biretia

A

a later basal anthropoid (about 37 mya), discovered in Egypt. teeth resembles modern Anthropoid

177
Q

three anthropoid groups that the fayum depression has yielded

A

oligopithecids, parapithecids, and propliopithecids

178
Q

oligopithecids

A

date as early as 35 mya, at the every end of the Eocene

179
Q

parapithecids

A

found only in Oligocene, 2.1.3.3 dental formula like platyrrhine monkeys

180
Q

propliopithecids

A

found only in Oligocene, 2.1.2.3. dental formula like catarrhine monkeys

181
Q

Aegyptopithecus

A

one of the largest Oligocene Fayum primates. sagittal crest but smaller brain, maybe ancestor to all catarrhines

182
Q

Rukwapithecus fleaglei

A

earliest known ape, represented by only a mandible and teeth

183
Q

Nsungwepithecus gennelli

A

earliest known cercopithecoir (old world monkey), represented by only a mandible fragment and single molar

184
Q

perupithecus

A

oldest known platyrrhine, only known from fossil molars found in Peru, date is unclear

185
Q

Branisella

A

second oldest Platyrrhine, dated 26mya in mid Oligocene, found in Bolivia. three premolars with a four-cusp chewing surface

186
Q

four hypothesis for how Anthropoids got to South America

A

1) southward migration from North America
2) A direct Atlantic crossing from Africa (most likely)
3) An Atlantic crossing from Africa, with Antarctica as a stopping point (most likely)
4) Independent origins in Africa and South America

187
Q

proconsulids

A

an early group of apes in the early Miocene

188
Q

Dryopithecids

A

a clade of great ape that emerged in Europe in the mid Miocene, about the size of a chimpanzee, larger brains, forelimbs adapted to hanging and swinging

189
Q

oreopithecids

A

succeeded the Dryopithecids, existing into the late Miocene. leaf eaters, small brain, long arms with dexterous fingers

190
Q

sivapithecids

A

mid to late Miocene in Asia. think tooth enamel and robust jaws adapted to eating nuts and seeds. cranial features resemble orangutans

191
Q

Gigantopithecus blacki

A

the largest primate that ever lived. existed from 8mya to 300 kya, well into late pleistocene. about 10 feet tall and up to 660 lb

Biological Anthropology (4 decks)

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