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phonetics > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

phonemes

A

a category of sound in the mind representing a single speech sound that can differentiate between morphemes in a given dialect or languages

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2
Q

graphemes

A

orthographic letters (normal spelling)

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3
Q

what are the parts of a syllable

A
  • onset
  • nucleus
  • coda
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4
Q

onset

A

consonant(s) before the vowel

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5
Q

nucleus

A

the vowel or sllabic consonants

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6
Q

coda

A

the consonant(s) after the vowel

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7
Q

open syllables

A

end in a vowel phoneme (don’t have a coda)
open syllable vowels are longer than closed syllable vowels

(eg. goat vs go)

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8
Q

lax vs tense vowels

A
  • lax: ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ə, ʌ, ɚ
    • cannot form a real word open syllable
  • tense: i, e, u, o, ɔ, ɝ
    • can form a real word open syllable
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9
Q

what are the rounded vowels

A
  • /u/
  • /ʊ/
  • /o/
  • /oʊ/
  • /ɔ/
  • /ɚ/
  • /ɝ/
  • /oɪ/ (rounded to unrounded)
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10
Q

unrounded vowels

A
  • /i/
  • /aɪ/
  • /ɪ/
  • /eɪ/
  • /ɛ/
  • /æ/
  • /ɑ/
  • /ə/
  • /ʌ/
  • /aʊ/ (unrounded to rounded)
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11
Q

vowel acoustics

how is f1 and f2 related to tongue height

A

f1 is inversely related to tongue heigh
- high vowels= low f1
- low vowels= high f1
f2 is directly related to tongue advancement
- front vowels= high f2
- back vowels= low f2

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12
Q

describe a spectrogram

A
  • time on x axis
  • frequency on y axis
  • intensity on z axis (or shaded)
  • vertical stripes= vocal fold vibrations, or fundamental frequency
    - voiceless sounds don’t have vertical stripes
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13
Q

consonant acoustics: voiced vs voiceless stops

A
  • voiced stops: shorter voice onset (no aspiration)
  • voiceless stops: longer voice onset time (has aspiration-> why the vot is longer)

(VOT= burst to beginning of vocal fold vibration)

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14
Q

how to tell how large a frequency band on a spectrogram for a specific phoneme will be

A

the further back in your mouth you are making the sound, the larger the frequency band

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15
Q

obstruents

category of consonants

A
  • main sound source is turbulence
    • can also be accompanied by vocal fold vibration
  • high velocity airflow due to sudden release or being pushed through a narrow opening

(voicing show up as glottal striation on a spectrogram)

  1. stop consonants (plosives) — oral and nasal stops
  2. fricatives
  3. affricate
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16
Q

sonorants

category of consonant

A
  • larynx is the sound source
  • involves full vocal tract resonance
  • all voiced
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17
Q

the overall fundamental frequency pattern of a phrase/sentence/utterance

A
  • rising: questions, lists
  • falling: statements
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18
Q

stress tends to land on

(in sentences)

A
  • the speaker’s intended focus
  • content words important to the sentence
  • new info given in a conversation
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19
Q

what are the non-assimilatory connected speech processes

A
  • elision
  • epenthesis
  • metathesis
  • vowel reduction
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20
Q

elision

A

elimination or omission of at least an entire phoneme
- /kamra/ for ‘camera’

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21
Q

epenthesis

A

insertion of an entire phoneme
- puhlay for play

22
Q

metathesis

A

the transposition of two sounds; aka, changing the order of appearance of two sounds
- tusp for tups

23
Q

vowel reduction

A

a full vowel becoming more mid and central during connected speech
-tuh for too

24
Q

regressive assimilation/ anticipatory assimilation

definition and types

A

a phoneme influences one that comes before it (right to left assimilation)
- assimilation of place: thak guy (for that guy)
- assimilation of manner: thiz bat (for this bat)
- assimilation of voicing: thad guy (for that guy)

25
Q

progressive assimilation/ perseveration assimilation

A

something that comes before affects what comes after (left to right assimilation)
- ex. dogs vs docks (mostly deals with voicing of plurals)

26
Q

definition fo phonological processes

A

automatic and systematic pronunciation “simplifications” of words by children learning to talk
- gradually suppressed over the process of development
- not the same thing as articulation erros
- frequently found in typically developing children

types are:
1. syllable structure
2. substitution
3. assimilatory

26
Q

types of phonological processes

A
  • syllable structure
  • substitution
  • assimilatory
26
Q

syllable structure phonological processes

A
  • weak syllable deletion
  • final consonant deletion
  • reduplication
  • cluster reduction
27
Q

weak syllable deletion

A

reduces # of syllables, usually weaker syllable
- ex. banana= nana

28
Q

final consonant deletion

A

deletes coda of the syllable
- final consonant in cvc words (ca for cat)
- both final consonants in cvcc structures (ho for hops)

29
Q

reduplication

A

duplicate first syllable for second syllable
- ex. wawa for water

30
Q

cluster reduction

A

reducing cluster by one consonant
- blue= bu
- star= tar

31
Q

phonological process of substitution

A

stopping: produces stops for fricatives and affricates
- ex. zoom= doom

fronting: substitution of anterior sounds for velars or palatal (move it anterior (usually same manner and voicing)
- ex. key -> tey

32
Q

do you know all the diacritics?

A

yes
- partially devoiced
- partially voiced
- breathy
- creaky
- nasalized
- denasalized
- nasal emissions
- unrealised stops
- unaspirated
- aspirated
- lengthened
- shortened
- retracted tongue
- advanced tongue
- raised tongue height
- lowered tongue height
- the approximant
- bilabial fricatives

study slides of other fricatives

33
Q

egressive

A

outflow

34
Q

ingressive

A

inflow

35
Q

what are the types of airstream mechanisms

A
  • pulmonic
  • esophageal
  • glottic
  • velaric
36
Q

pulmonic egressive

A

MOST COMMON
- airflow from lungs

37
Q

pulmonic ingressive

A

folds vibrate (rare)
- finnish/norway

38
Q

glottal egressive

A

raising closed glottis
- stops= ejectives (k, p)
- native american, african

39
Q

glottal ingressive

A

lower closed glottis
- stops= implosives (g, b)
- india, pakistan

40
Q

esophageal egressive

A

pressure difference in esophagus
- ex. ‘burping speech’

41
Q

velaric egressive

A

squeeze air out (no uses)
- ‘buccal speech’
- donald duck

42
Q

velaric ingressive

A

vacuum seal– clicking
- african languages

43
Q

what are ExtIPA and IPA used for

A
  • IPA is used for normal speech
  • IPA and ExtIPA are both used for disordered speech
44
Q

techniques for transcription

A
  • only mark info necessary to your purpose —- we don’t need all allophonic details, unless they help us understand the disorderedness of the speaker
  • transcribe syllable by syllable —- open in praat and listen to single segments and syllables
  • ideal conditions: noise-cancelling headphones; quiet area; break every 45 minutes; avoid top-down influences
45
Q

overview of dialects

(what are we doing about them etc)

A

we are describing what the speaker says NOT what is wrong
- descriptivism: describing
- prescriptivism: prescribing

accent modification services is part of the SLP scope of practice
- insurances do not pay for this because it is not necessary (ie it’s elective)

46
Q

african american dialect

features that appear in most dialects of american english and appear more prevalent in AAE

A
  1. preference for single consonant codas (first girl -> firs’ girl)
  2. unstressed syllable consolidation (initial and medial syllables) — (government -> gov’ment)
  3. consolidation of reduplicated syllables (mississippi -> miss’ippi)
  4. vowelization of postvocalic [l] (replacement of a consonant by a vowel). — (table -> [te͡bə]
47
Q

spanish american dialect

A
  • stopping of the fricatives /θ ð/ (voiced and voiceless interdentals)
    • /tɪŋk/ for ‘think’
  • devoicing of /z/ in word-final position
    • [buz̥ ] for ‘buzz’
  • devoicing of /v/ in word-final position
    • /hæf/ for ‘have’
  • variable production of /ʧ/ for /ʃ/
    • /ʧo͡ʊ/ for ‘show’
  • prevocalic /h/ (or velarized /h/)
    • [xɝ] for ‘her’
  • vowel changes:
    • /i/ for /ɪ/
      • ex “thick”
    • [ɛɹ] for /ɝ/ in “her”
48
Q

mandarin chinese dialect

A
  • [s] for /θ/
    - ‘with her’ → [wɪshɝ]
    • [x] for /h/
      - ‘ask her’ → [asxɚ]
    • /l/ as [ɹ]
      - ‘also’ → [aɹso͡ʊ]
49
Q

phoneme characteristics on a spectrogram

A
  • vowel: periodic, high amplitude activity (has formants)
  • fricative: random noise activity
  • stop: stop gap, release, (aspiration for unvoiced) -> affricates are similar
  • approximants: glides/liquids, have formants because they are similar to vowels
  • voiced sounds have vertical bars
  • the more back in the mouth a sound is produced the larger the frequency band

phonetics (4 decks)

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