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phonetics > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

phonemes

A

a category of sound in the mind representing a single speech sound that can differentiate between morphemes in a given dialect or languages

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2
Q

graphemes

A

orthographic letters (normal spelling)

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3
Q

what are the parts of a syllable

A
  • onset
  • nucleus
  • coda
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4
Q

onset

A

consonant(s) before the vowel

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5
Q

nucleus

A

the vowel or sllabic consonants

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6
Q

coda

A

the consonant(s) after the vowel

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7
Q

open syllables

A

end in a vowel phoneme (don’t have a coda)
open syllable vowels are longer than closed syllable vowels

(eg. goat vs go)

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8
Q

lax vs tense vowels

A
  • lax: ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ə, ʌ, ɚ
    • cannot form a real word open syllable
  • tense: i, e, u, o, ɔ, ɝ
    • can form a real word open syllable
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9
Q

what are the rounded vowels

A
  • /u/
  • /ʊ/
  • /o/
  • /oʊ/
  • /ɔ/
  • /ɚ/
  • /ɝ/
  • /oɪ/ (rounded to unrounded)
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10
Q

unrounded vowels

A
  • /i/
  • /aɪ/
  • /ɪ/
  • /eɪ/
  • /ɛ/
  • /æ/
  • /ɑ/
  • /ə/
  • /ʌ/
  • /aʊ/ (unrounded to rounded)
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11
Q

vowel acoustics

how is f1 and f2 related to tongue height

A

f1 is inversely related to tongue heigh
- high vowels= low f1
- low vowels= high f1
f2 is directly related to tongue advancement
- front vowels= high f2
- back vowels= low f2

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12
Q

describe a spectrogram

A
  • time on x axis
  • frequency on y axis
  • intensity on z axis (or shaded)
  • vertical stripes= vocal fold vibrations, or fundamental frequency
    - voiceless sounds don’t have vertical stripes
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13
Q

consonant acoustics: voiced vs voiceless stops

A
  • voiced stops: shorter voice onset (no aspiration)
  • voiceless stops: longer voice onset time (has aspiration-> why the vot is longer)

(VOT= burst to beginning of vocal fold vibration)

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14
Q

how to tell how large a frequency band on a spectrogram for a specific phoneme will be

A

the further back in your mouth you are making the sound, the larger the frequency band

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15
Q

obstruents

category of consonants

A
  • main sound source is turbulence
    • can also be accompanied by vocal fold vibration
  • high velocity airflow due to sudden release or being pushed through a narrow opening

(voicing show up as glottal striation on a spectrogram)

  1. stop consonants (plosives) — oral and nasal stops
  2. fricatives
  3. affricate
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16
Q

sonorants

category of consonant

A
  • larynx is the sound source
  • involves full vocal tract resonance
  • all voiced
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17
Q

the overall fundamental frequency pattern of a phrase/sentence/utterance

A
  • rising: questions, lists
  • falling: statements
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18
Q

stress tends to land on

(in sentences)

A
  • the speaker’s intended focus
  • content words important to the sentence
  • new info given in a conversation
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19
Q

what are the non-assimilatory connected speech processes

A
  • elision
  • epenthesis
  • metathesis
  • vowel reduction
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20
Q

elision

A

elimination or omission of at least an entire phoneme
- /kamra/ for ‘camera’

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21
Q

epenthesis

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A

insertion of an entire phoneme
- puhlay for play

22
Q

metathesis

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A

the transposition of two sounds; aka, changing the order of appearance of two sounds
- tusp for tups

23
Q

vowel reduction

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A

a full vowel becoming more mid and central during connected speech
-tuh for too

24
Q

regressive assimilation/ anticipatory assimilation

definition and types

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A

a phoneme influences one that comes before it (right to left assimilation)
- assimilation of place: thak guy (for that guy)
- assimilation of manner: thiz bat (for this bat)
- assimilation of voicing: thad guy (for that guy)

25
progressive assimilation/ perseveration assimilation
something that comes before affects what comes after (left to right assimilation) - ex. dogs vs docks (mostly deals with voicing of plurals)
26
definition fo phonological processes
automatic and systematic pronunciation "simplifications" of words by children learning to talk - gradually suppressed over the process of development - not the same thing as articulation erros - frequently found in typically developing children ## Footnote types are: 1. syllable structure 2. substitution 3. assimilatory
26
types of phonological processes
- syllable structure - substitution - assimilatory
26
syllable structure phonological processes
- weak syllable deletion - final consonant deletion - reduplication - cluster reduction
27
weak syllable deletion
reduces # of syllables, usually weaker syllable - ex. banana= nana
28
final consonant deletion
deletes coda of the syllable - final consonant in cvc words (ca for cat) - both final consonants in cvcc structures (ho for hops)
29
reduplication
duplicate first syllable for second syllable - ex. wawa for water
30
cluster reduction
reducing cluster by one consonant - blue= bu - star= tar
31
phonological process of substitution
stopping: produces stops for fricatives and affricates - ex. zoom= doom fronting: substitution of anterior sounds for velars or palatal (move it anterior (usually same manner and voicing) - ex. key -> tey
32
do you know all the diacritics?
yes - partially devoiced - partially voiced - breathy - creaky - nasalized - denasalized - nasal emissions - unrealised stops - unaspirated - aspirated - lengthened - shortened - retracted tongue - advanced tongue - raised tongue height - lowered tongue height - the approximant - bilabial fricatives | study slides of other fricatives
33
egressive
outflow
34
ingressive
inflow
35
what are the types of airstream mechanisms
- pulmonic - esophageal - glottic - velaric
36
pulmonic egressive
MOST COMMON - airflow from lungs
37
pulmonic ingressive
folds vibrate (rare) - finnish/norway
38
glottal egressive
raising closed glottis - stops= ejectives (k, p) - native american, african
39
glottal ingressive
lower closed glottis - stops= implosives (g, b) - india, pakistan
40
esophageal egressive
pressure difference in esophagus - ex. 'burping speech'
41
velaric egressive
squeeze air out (no uses) - 'buccal speech' - donald duck
42
velaric ingressive
vacuum seal-- clicking - african languages
43
what are ExtIPA and IPA used for
- IPA is used for normal speech - IPA and ExtIPA are both used for disordered speech
44
techniques for transcription
- only mark info necessary to your purpose ---- we don't need all allophonic details, unless they help us understand the disorderedness of the speaker - transcribe syllable by syllable ---- open in praat and listen to single segments and syllables - ideal conditions: noise-cancelling headphones; quiet area; break every 45 minutes; avoid top-down influences
45
overview of dialects | (what are we doing about them etc)
we are describing what the speaker says NOT what is wrong - descriptivism: describing - prescriptivism: prescribing accent modification services is part of the SLP scope of practice - insurances do not pay for this because it is not necessary (ie it's elective)
46
african american dialect ## Footnote features that appear in most dialects of american english and appear more prevalent in AAE
1. preference for single consonant codas (first girl -> firs' girl) 2. unstressed syllable consolidation (initial and medial syllables) --- (government -> gov'ment) 3. consolidation of reduplicated syllables (mississippi -> miss'ippi) 4. vowelization of postvocalic [l] (replacement of a consonant by a vowel). --- (table -> [te͡bə]
47
spanish american dialect
- stopping of the fricatives /θ ð/ (voiced and voiceless interdentals) - /tɪŋk/ for ‘think’ - devoicing of /z/ in word-final position - [buz̥ ] for ‘buzz’ - devoicing of /v/ in word-final position - /hæf/ for ‘have’ - variable production of /ʧ/ for /ʃ/ - /ʧo͡ʊ/ for ‘show’ - prevocalic /h/ (or velarized /h/) - [xɝ] for ‘her’ - vowel changes: - /i/ for /ɪ/ - ex “thick” - [ɛɹ] for /ɝ/ in “her”
48
mandarin chinese dialect
- [s] for /θ/ - ‘with her’ → [wɪshɝ] - [x] for /h/ - ‘ask her’ → [asxɚ] - /l/ as [ɹ] - ‘also’ → [aɹso͡ʊ]
49
phoneme characteristics on a spectrogram
- vowel: periodic, high amplitude activity (has formants) - fricative: random noise activity - stop: stop gap, release, (aspiration for unvoiced) -> affricates are similar - approximants: glides/liquids, have formants because they are similar to vowels - voiced sounds have vertical bars - the more back in the mouth a sound is produced the larger the frequency band

phonetics (4 decks)

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