final exam Flashcards
phonemes
a category of sound in the mind representing a single speech sound that can differentiate between morphemes in a given dialect or languages
graphemes
orthographic letters (normal spelling)
what are the parts of a syllable
- onset
- nucleus
- coda
onset
consonant(s) before the vowel
nucleus
the vowel or sllabic consonants
coda
the consonant(s) after the vowel
open syllables
end in a vowel phoneme (don’t have a coda)
open syllable vowels are longer than closed syllable vowels
(eg. goat vs go)
lax vs tense vowels
- lax: ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ə, ʌ, ɚ
- cannot form a real word open syllable
- tense: i, e, u, o, ɔ, ɝ
- can form a real word open syllable
what are the rounded vowels
- /u/
- /ʊ/
- /o/
- /oʊ/
- /ɔ/
- /ɚ/
- /ɝ/
- /oɪ/ (rounded to unrounded)
unrounded vowels
- /i/
- /aɪ/
- /ɪ/
- /eɪ/
- /ɛ/
- /æ/
- /ɑ/
- /ə/
- /ʌ/
- /aʊ/ (unrounded to rounded)
vowel acoustics
how is f1 and f2 related to tongue height
f1 is inversely related to tongue heigh
- high vowels= low f1
- low vowels= high f1
f2 is directly related to tongue advancement
- front vowels= high f2
- back vowels= low f2
describe a spectrogram
- time on x axis
- frequency on y axis
- intensity on z axis (or shaded)
- vertical stripes= vocal fold vibrations, or fundamental frequency
- voiceless sounds don’t have vertical stripes
consonant acoustics: voiced vs voiceless stops
- voiced stops: shorter voice onset (no aspiration)
- voiceless stops: longer voice onset time (has aspiration-> why the vot is longer)
(VOT= burst to beginning of vocal fold vibration)
how to tell how large a frequency band on a spectrogram for a specific phoneme will be
the further back in your mouth you are making the sound, the larger the frequency band
obstruents
category of consonants
- main sound source is turbulence
- can also be accompanied by vocal fold vibration
- high velocity airflow due to sudden release or being pushed through a narrow opening
(voicing show up as glottal striation on a spectrogram)
- stop consonants (plosives) — oral and nasal stops
- fricatives
- affricate
sonorants
category of consonant
- larynx is the sound source
- involves full vocal tract resonance
- all voiced
the overall fundamental frequency pattern of a phrase/sentence/utterance
- rising: questions, lists
- falling: statements
stress tends to land on
(in sentences)
- the speaker’s intended focus
- content words important to the sentence
- new info given in a conversation
what are the non-assimilatory connected speech processes
- elision
- epenthesis
- metathesis
- vowel reduction
elision
elimination or omission of at least an entire phoneme
- /kamra/ for ‘camera’
epenthesis
insertion of an entire phoneme
- puhlay for play
metathesis
the transposition of two sounds; aka, changing the order of appearance of two sounds
- tusp for tups
vowel reduction
a full vowel becoming more mid and central during connected speech
-tuh for too
regressive assimilation/ anticipatory assimilation
definition and types
a phoneme influences one that comes before it (right to left assimilation)
- assimilation of place: thak guy (for that guy)
- assimilation of manner: thiz bat (for this bat)
- assimilation of voicing: thad guy (for that guy)
progressive assimilation/ perseveration assimilation
something that comes before affects what comes after (left to right assimilation)
- ex. dogs vs docks (mostly deals with voicing of plurals)
definition fo phonological processes
automatic and systematic pronunciation “simplifications” of words by children learning to talk
- gradually suppressed over the process of development
- not the same thing as articulation erros
- frequently found in typically developing children
types are:
1. syllable structure
2. substitution
3. assimilatory
types of phonological processes
- syllable structure
- substitution
- assimilatory
syllable structure phonological processes
- weak syllable deletion
- final consonant deletion
- reduplication
- cluster reduction
weak syllable deletion
reduces # of syllables, usually weaker syllable
- ex. banana= nana
final consonant deletion
deletes coda of the syllable
- final consonant in cvc words (ca for cat)
- both final consonants in cvcc structures (ho for hops)
reduplication
duplicate first syllable for second syllable
- ex. wawa for water
cluster reduction
reducing cluster by one consonant
- blue= bu
- star= tar
phonological process of substitution
stopping: produces stops for fricatives and affricates
- ex. zoom= doom
fronting: substitution of anterior sounds for velars or palatal (move it anterior (usually same manner and voicing)
- ex. key -> tey
do you know all the diacritics?
yes
- partially devoiced
- partially voiced
- breathy
- creaky
- nasalized
- denasalized
- nasal emissions
- unrealised stops
- unaspirated
- aspirated
- lengthened
- shortened
- retracted tongue
- advanced tongue
- raised tongue height
- lowered tongue height
- the approximant
- bilabial fricatives
study slides of other fricatives
egressive
outflow
ingressive
inflow
what are the types of airstream mechanisms
- pulmonic
- esophageal
- glottic
- velaric
pulmonic egressive
MOST COMMON
- airflow from lungs
pulmonic ingressive
folds vibrate (rare)
- finnish/norway
glottal egressive
raising closed glottis
- stops= ejectives (k, p)
- native american, african
glottal ingressive
lower closed glottis
- stops= implosives (g, b)
- india, pakistan
esophageal egressive
pressure difference in esophagus
- ex. ‘burping speech’
velaric egressive
squeeze air out (no uses)
- ‘buccal speech’
- donald duck
velaric ingressive
vacuum seal– clicking
- african languages
what are ExtIPA and IPA used for
- IPA is used for normal speech
- IPA and ExtIPA are both used for disordered speech
techniques for transcription
- only mark info necessary to your purpose —- we don’t need all allophonic details, unless they help us understand the disorderedness of the speaker
- transcribe syllable by syllable —- open in praat and listen to single segments and syllables
- ideal conditions: noise-cancelling headphones; quiet area; break every 45 minutes; avoid top-down influences
overview of dialects
(what are we doing about them etc)
we are describing what the speaker says NOT what is wrong
- descriptivism: describing
- prescriptivism: prescribing
accent modification services is part of the SLP scope of practice
- insurances do not pay for this because it is not necessary (ie it’s elective)
african american dialect
features that appear in most dialects of american english and appear more prevalent in AAE
- preference for single consonant codas (first girl -> firs’ girl)
- unstressed syllable consolidation (initial and medial syllables) — (government -> gov’ment)
- consolidation of reduplicated syllables (mississippi -> miss’ippi)
- vowelization of postvocalic [l] (replacement of a consonant by a vowel). — (table -> [te͡bə]
spanish american dialect
- stopping of the fricatives /θ ð/ (voiced and voiceless interdentals)
- /tɪŋk/ for ‘think’
- devoicing of /z/ in word-final position
- [buz̥ ] for ‘buzz’
- devoicing of /v/ in word-final position
- /hæf/ for ‘have’
- variable production of /ʧ/ for /ʃ/
- /ʧo͡ʊ/ for ‘show’
- prevocalic /h/ (or velarized /h/)
- [xɝ] for ‘her’
- vowel changes:
- /i/ for /ɪ/
- ex “thick”
- [ɛɹ] for /ɝ/ in “her”
- /i/ for /ɪ/
mandarin chinese dialect
- [s] for /θ/
- ‘with her’ → [wɪshɝ]- [x] for /h/
- ‘ask her’ → [asxɚ] - /l/ as [ɹ]
- ‘also’ → [aɹso͡ʊ]
- [x] for /h/
phoneme characteristics on a spectrogram
- vowel: periodic, high amplitude activity (has formants)
- fricative: random noise activity
- stop: stop gap, release, (aspiration for unvoiced) -> affricates are similar
- approximants: glides/liquids, have formants because they are similar to vowels
- voiced sounds have vertical bars
- the more back in the mouth a sound is produced the larger the frequency band
