consonant production parameters

Question 1

what consonant production parameters stay the same vs vary in english consonants

Answer 1

same: airstream direction and airstream mechanism
vary: place of articulation, manner of articulation, duration of phonation

Question 2

airstream directions

Answer 2

• egressive: air leaving the vocal tract (includes virtually all american and european english sounds)
• ingressive: air going towards the lungs, even if momentarily

Question 3

types of airstream mechanisms

Answer 3

• pulmonic
• esphogeal
• glottalic
• velaric

Question 4

pulmonic mechanism

Answer 4

• egressive pulmonic: speech sounds produced with and outflow of air created by a pressure differential between the air in the lungs and the atmosphere
• —commonly used in english and all other human languages
• ingressive pulmonic: speech sounds produced with an inflow of air created by a pressure differential between air in the lungs and atmosphere. vocal folds still vibrate.
• — very very rare, some sounds in norwegian and finnish

Question 5

esophageal mechanism

Answer 5

• egressive esophageal: speech sounds produced by a pressure difference created in the esophagus (specifically the upper esophageal sphincter)
• — burping-> option for laryngectomees

Question 6

glottal mechanism

Answer 6

• non pulmonic
• formed by raising or lowering the glottis, changing the aiir pressure in the oral cavity

Question 7

egressive glottal mechanism

Answer 7

• ejective
• found in many african and native american languages
• sometimes found in speech of those with hearing impairment, stuttering, and phonological disorders

Question 8

ingressive glottalic mechanism

Answer 8

• air pressure difference created by lowering a closed glottis
• stops produced with this type of airstream mechanism are called implosives
• common in languages of india, pakistan, sub saharan africa, the amazon, and mayan

Question 9

egressive velaric mechanism

Answer 9

• air pressure difference created by raising the tongue or other articulator and squeezing the volume of air in the oral cavity
• not know to a have a functional use in any language (buccal speech)
• donald duck

Question 10

ingressive velaric mechanism

Answer 10

• aka clicks
• formed by an air pressure difference created by quickly lowering an articulator, creating a vacuum or isolated area of low pressure
• produces clicks that are used in many african languages