consonants Flashcards
what 3 things provide variation between consonants?
- place of articulation
- manner of articulation
- voicing
typical places of articulation (in english)
- bilabial
- labiodental
- dental
- alveolar
- palatal
- velar
- glottal
- ## lingual (not a place, larger category meaning it’s produced with the tongue)
(only bilabial and glottal are not produced with the tongue)
stops/plosives
begins with occlusion of the oral airway and a buidl up of pressure behind the occlusion, followed by an abrupt opening of the occlusion with a burst of airflow release
- tight velopharyngeal closure
- /p b t d k g/
obstruent
complete stoppage, followed by sudden burst-release
fricatives
obstruent
generated when air is forced at high velocity through a narrowly constricted laryngeal or oral airway
- tight VP closure
- /s z f v θ ð ʃ ʒ h/
air forced through narrow opening, creating turbulence
affricate
starts like a stop-plosive and then the air build up is released but less abruptly than the stop plosive
- tight VP closure
- /ʤ ʧ/
obstruent
complete stoppage, followed by release through a narrow opening, causing turbulence
glides
a type of “approximant” where articulation glides quickly from a vowel position to a full vowel
- movement of articulators similar to diphthongs, but faster
- can’t act as syllable nuclei
- /w j/
sonorant
liquids
can be made syllabic
- the other type of “approximant”
- contains articulation with continuous air flow and vocal tract resonance
- /l ɹ/
sonorant
/p/
voiceless bilabial stop
/b/
voiced bilabial stop
/t/
voiceless alveolar stop
/d/
voiced alveolar stop
/k/
voiceless velar stop
[ɾ]
alveolar tap/flap
[ʔ]
glottal stop
/g/
voiced velar stop
/m/
voiced bilabial nasal
/n/
voiced alveolar nasal
/ŋ/
voiced velar nasal
/f/
voiceless labiodental fricative
/v/
voiced labiodental fricative
/θ/
voiceless interdental fricative
/ð/
voiced interdental fricative
/s/
voiceless alveolar fricative
/z/
voiced alveolar fricative
/ʃ/
voiceless palatal fricative
/ʒ/
voiced palatal fricative
/h/
voiceless glottal fricative
/t͡ʃ/
voiceless palatal affricate
/d͡ʒ/
voiced palatal affricate
/j/
voiced palatal glide
/w/
voiced labiovelar glide
/ʍ/
voiceless labiovelar fricative/approximant
/l/
voiced alveolar liquid
/ɹ/
voiced palatal liquid
sonorants vs obstruents
obstruents:
- main sound source is turbulence
- secodn sound source for many is voicing (creating some resonance)
- fricatives, affricates, and stops/plosives
sonorants:
- involve full vocal tract resonance (similar to vowels)
- includes nasals, liquids, and glides
- all voiced
- vocal fold vibration in the larynx is the sound source
VOT
voice onset time: amount of time from the burst to the voice onset of the vowel
sibilants
the most intense fricatives
/s z ʃ ʒ /
non-sibilants
least intense fricatives
/θ/, /ð/, /f/, /v/, /h/
how can you tell / ɹ / from /l/
r has a lower third formant than l
glide acoustics
similar to vowels, but shorter in duration and lower in intensity
nasals
- additional resonance throught the nasal cavity dampens some of the formants
- creates anti-formants, which are lighter than formants
- the nasal formant is the darkest and the lowest (first formant)
