consonants

Question 1

what 3 things provide variation between consonants?

Answer 1

• place of articulation
• manner of articulation
• voicing

Question 2

typical places of articulation (in english)

Answer 2

• bilabial
• labiodental
• dental
• alveolar
• palatal
• velar
• glottal
• ## lingual (not a place, larger category meaning it’s produced with the tongue)

(only bilabial and glottal are not produced with the tongue)

Question 3

stops/plosives

Answer 3

begins with occlusion of the oral airway and a buidl up of pressure behind the occlusion, followed by an abrupt opening of the occlusion with a burst of airflow release
- tight velopharyngeal closure
- /p b t d k g/

obstruent

complete stoppage, followed by sudden burst-release

Question 4

fricatives

obstruent

Answer 4

generated when air is forced at high velocity through a narrowly constricted laryngeal or oral airway
- tight VP closure
- /s z f v θ ð ʃ ʒ h/

air forced through narrow opening, creating turbulence

Question 5

affricate

Answer 5

starts like a stop-plosive and then the air build up is released but less abruptly than the stop plosive
- tight VP closure
- /ʤ ʧ/

obstruent

complete stoppage, followed by release through a narrow opening, causing turbulence

Question 6

glides

Answer 6

a type of “approximant” where articulation glides quickly from a vowel position to a full vowel
- movement of articulators similar to diphthongs, but faster
- can’t act as syllable nuclei
- /w j/

sonorant

Question 7

liquids

Answer 7

can be made syllabic
- the other type of “approximant”
- contains articulation with continuous air flow and vocal tract resonance
- /l ɹ/

sonorant

Question 8

/p/

Answer 8

voiceless bilabial stop

Question 9

/b/

Answer 9

voiced bilabial stop

Question 10

/t/

Answer 10

voiceless alveolar stop

Question 11

/d/

Answer 11

voiced alveolar stop

Question 12

/k/

Answer 12

voiceless velar stop

Question 13

[ɾ]

Answer 13

alveolar tap/flap

Question 14

[ʔ]

Answer 14

glottal stop

Question 15

/g/

Answer 15

voiced velar stop

Question 16

/m/

Answer 16

voiced bilabial nasal

Question 17

/n/

Answer 17

voiced alveolar nasal

Question 18

/ŋ/

Answer 18

voiced velar nasal

Question 19

/f/

Answer 19

voiceless labiodental fricative

Question 20

/v/

Answer 20

voiced labiodental fricative

Question 21

/θ/

Answer 21

voiceless interdental fricative

Question 22

/ð/

Answer 22

voiced interdental fricative

Question 23

/s/

Answer 23

voiceless alveolar fricative

Question 24

/z/

Answer 24

voiced alveolar fricative

Question 25

/ʃ/

Answer 25

voiceless palatal fricative

Question 26

/ʒ/

Answer 26

voiced palatal fricative

Question 27

/h/

Answer 27

voiceless glottal fricative

Question 28

/t͡ʃ/

Answer 28

voiceless palatal affricate

Question 29

/d͡ʒ/

Answer 29

voiced palatal affricate

Question 30

/j/

Answer 30

voiced palatal glide

Question 31

/w/

Answer 31

voiced labiovelar glide

Question 32

/ʍ/

Answer 32

voiceless labiovelar fricative/approximant

Question 33

/l/

Answer 33

voiced alveolar liquid

Question 34

/ɹ/

Answer 34

voiced palatal liquid

Question 35

sonorants vs obstruents

Answer 35

obstruents:
- main sound source is turbulence
- secodn sound source for many is voicing (creating some resonance)
- fricatives, affricates, and stops/plosives
sonorants:
- involve full vocal tract resonance (similar to vowels)
- includes nasals, liquids, and glides
- all voiced
- vocal fold vibration in the larynx is the sound source

Question 36

VOT

Answer 36

voice onset time: amount of time from the burst to the voice onset of the vowel

Question 37

sibilants

Answer 37

the most intense fricatives
/s z ʃ ʒ /

Question 38

non-sibilants

Answer 38

least intense fricatives
/θ/, /ð/, /f/, /v/, /h/

Question 39

how can you tell / ɹ / from /l/

Answer 39

r has a lower third formant than l

Question 40

glide acoustics

Answer 40

similar to vowels, but shorter in duration and lower in intensity

Question 41

nasals

Answer 41

• additional resonance throught the nasal cavity dampens some of the formants
  
  • creates anti-formants, which are lighter than formants
  • the nasal formant is the darkest and the lowest (first formant)