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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is a personality disorder

A

inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior

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2
Q

Cluster A PD

A

odd or eccentric, unusual behavior
Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD

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3
Q

paranoid PD

A

irrational suspicions and mistrust of others

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4
Q

schizoid PD

A

lack of interest in social relationships, anhedonia, introspection, emotional coldness and detachment

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5
Q

Cluster B PD

A

dramatic, emotional, erratic
antisocial PD
borderline PD
histrionic PD
narcissistic PD

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5
Q

antisocial PD

A

pervasive disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and a pattern of regular criminal activity

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6
Q

borderline PD

A

extreme black and white thinking; instability in relationships, self-image, identity; behavior often leading to self-harm and impulsivity

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7
Q

histrionic PD

A

pervasive attention-seeking behavior including inappropriately seductive behavior and shallow or exaggerated emotions

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8
Q

narcissistic PD

A

grandiose, need for admiration, self-important, preoccupied with belief that they are special, sense of entitlement, need for admiration, arrogant

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9
Q

vulnerable narcissistic PD

A

fragile & unstable self-esteem
caused by parental abuse; intrusive, controlling, cold parenting

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10
Q

grandiose narcissistic PD

A

overestimate own abilities, underestimate others; sense of entitlement
caused by parent overvaluation

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11
Q

Cluster C PD

A

anxious and fearful
avoidant PD
dependent PD
obsessive-compulsive PD

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12
Q

avoidant PD

A

social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and avoidance of social interaction

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13
Q

dependent PD

A

pervasive psychological dependence on other people

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14
Q

obsessive-compulsive PD

A

rigid conformity to rules and moral codes; excessive orderliness (comorbidity with OCD only 20%)

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15
Q

course of PD

A

teens, early adulthood
75% comorbidity, 85% another PD
9-13% of US adults

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16
Q

contributory factors to PD

A

temperament & big five traits
genetics
disturbed parent-child attachment
parental psychopathology
ineffective parenting
abuse

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17
Q

non-suicidal self injury

A

relief from negative emotions
communicate distress
self-punishment
to feel something

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18
Q

causal factors of borderline PD

A

genetics
low serotonin
high norepinephrine
brain abnormalities (frontal lobe, hippocamp, amyg)
childhood abuse, neglect
parental psychopathology

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19
Q

treatment of borderline PD

A

DBT
medications mildly beneficial

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20
Q

psychopathy

A

ASPD behaviors + interpersonal and affective traits: cunningness, coldness, inability to have empathy

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21
Q

causal factors of antisocial behaviors

A

gene-enviro: mono oxi-A gene & childhood adversity
moderate heritability
deficient behavioral inhibition system
overactive behavioral activation system
emotional deficits

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22
Q

fast track project

A

prevention for ASPD and psychopathy

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23
Q

addiction symptom categories

A

impaired control
social impairment
risky use
pharmacological
mild: 2-3
moderate: 4-5
severe: 6+

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24
impaired control
taken longer than intended unsuccessful efforts to control use great deal of time spent cravings
25
social impairment
failure to fulfill major role obligations continued use despite social problems activities given up to use
26
risky use
recurrent use in hazardous situations continued despite knowing a problem has been caused by it
27
pharmacological
tolerance withdrawal
28
diagnosing alcohol withdrawal
sweating, high pulse hand tremors insomnia nausea or vomiting psychomotor agitation anxiety
29
risks of alcohol use disorder
injury crime relationship deterioration occupational problems financial strain
30
alcohol has stimulant + depressant properties
low levels: suppresses inhibitory parts of brain, stimulates pleasure centers high levels: inhibits glutamine, lower brain activital, lower respiratio
31
physical effects of chronic alcohol use
weight gain/malnutrition reduced life span (12 years) brain shrinkage sleep distruption
32
what impact alcohol use
genetics physiology environment behavior
33
what impacts problematic alcohol use
drinking to relax expectations about pros and cons lack of social support sociocultural factors
34
treatment of alcohol use disorder
multidisciplinary approach: group therapy, motivational interviewing, virtual reality, medication
35
substance use disorder
stimulants depressants hallucinogens
36
stimulants
amphetamines cocaine caffeine nicotine weed
37
depressants
xanax alcohol opium codeine heroin weed
38
hallucinogens
LSD ketamine weed
39
relapse and addiction
outcomes are better when people are taught to expect relapse due to: cues, withdrawal symptoms, anhedonia, coping
40
why lower SES = higher smoking rates
suppresses anxiety in stressed communities, lower education, target of tobacco companies
41
treating nicotine addiction
nicotine replacement therapy plus CBT
42
gambling disorder symptoms
emotional dysregulation, low-stress tolerance, rebellious, thrill-seeking, superstitious, antisocial, compulsive
43
etiology of gambling disorder
operant conditioning (variable ratio schedule or reinforcement) rationalizations and misunderstandings
44
treating gambling disorder
CBT
45
autism-spectrum disorder
deficits in language, perceptual and motor development, reality testing, social functioning
46
social characteristics of autism
show little or no need for affection, may not seem to know or care who parents are, inability to take other people's perspectives
47
language characteristics of autism
speech is sometimes present, often not echolalia may occur
48
motor features of autism
hand flapping, spinning, rocking self-injurious behaviors odd body postures, clenching hyper or hypo sensitivity to sensory input
49
intellectual ability of autism
usually impairment (with exceptions) difficulty with symbolic motor and visual tasks assessment challenges
50
sameness in autism
insistence on routine, rituals hyper-focused on object, upset if taken away
51
risks for autism
genes CNS damage prenatal development advanced paternal age
52
support for autism
intensive behavior therapy (most hours spent in teaching)
53
ADHD symptoms
impulsivity, excessive motor activity, trouble sustaining attention, highly distractable, often over-talkative, socially immature relative to peers, intrusive
54
clinical picture of ADHD
trouble getting alone with parents viewed negatively by peers struggle in school
55
etiology of ADHD
slightly smaller brain volume slower brain maturation brain processes that disinhibit child's behavior (frontal lobe) highly heritable
56
ADHD treatment
medication family therapy behavior therapy techniques
57
oppositional defiant disorder
angry/irritable, negative, defiant, disobedient, hostile behavior towards authority subtypes: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, vindictiveness
58
risk factors to ODD
inconsistent discipline harsh discipline parents not able to guide or supervise child
59
conduct disorder
persistent, repetitive rule violation; disregard others' rights lying, stealing, aggression, vengefulness, destructiveness, truancy, running away
60
etiology of conduct disorder
high heritability aggression, poor social skills, disobedience ineffective parenting low SES
61
treatment of conduct disorder
cohesive family model (parenting skills, disciplinary consistency, attend to and reinforce positive behavior instead of negative)
62
separation anxiety disorder
excessive anxiety about separation from attachment figures and familiar home surroundings
63
selective mutism
normally capable of speech but cannot speak in specific situations or to specific people
64
etiology of childhood anxiety
social and cultural factors temperament life events overanxious/overprotective parents indifferent, detached, or rejecting parents exposure to violence
65
treating childhood anxiety
medication, CBT, play therapy, parent training
66
childhood depression
irritability usually instead of depressed mood
67
etiology of childhood depression
parental depression early trauma and severe stress cognitive style/ruminative coping
68
treatment of childhood depression
antidepressants, CBT, play therapy
69
childhood bipolar disorder
challenges: some symptoms developmentally appropriate, symptoms overlap with other diagnoses, tough diagnosis to shake problems: diagnosed more frequently is US, more in BIPOC kids
70
learning disorders
delayed development in specific area not motivational, not due to a known physical or neurological defect
71
dyslexia
word recognition, reading comprehension misspelling (phoneticized, reversals) reading: slow; omit, add, distort words
72
etiology of dyslexia
genes, medical issues, enviro, nervous system impairments
73
treatment of dyslexia
accommodations help
74
intellectual disability
deficits in general mental abilities before age 18e
75
etiology of intellectual disability
genes and chromosomes, infections and toxins, physical injury at birth, radiation, malnutrition
76
down syndrome
trisomy of chromosome 21 biggest deficits in verbal + language skills problems managing life tasks health problems, shortened life span, accelerated aging
77
helping down syndrome
children can learn self-help skills inclusive classroom settings
78
symptoms of major neurocognitive disorder
evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance: attention, language, memory, learning, cognition
79
etiology of major neurocognitive disorder
some treatable: medications, depression, b12, alcoholism, tumors, imbalances others: alzheimer's, stroke, parkinson's
80
parkinson's
physical profile, psychological problems, cognitive deficits, loss of dopamine-producing cells
81
treatment of parkinson's
meds that increase availability of dopamine, deep brain stimulation, stem cell treatment
82
huntington's disease
death in 10-20 years, no treatment, caused by huntingtin gene on chromosome 4
83
alzheimer's
slow, progressive deterioration memory for recent events disorientation, poor judgment, hygiene neglect, empty speech, wandering
84
risk factors of alzheimer's
doubles every 5 years after age 40, African American, more common in women smoker, less education, lower SES, head trauma, APOE-E4 allele
85
protective factors of alzheimer's
physical activity and healthy diet sufficient sleep cognitive activity and stimulating environment
86
how alzheimer's impacts brain
amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, brain atrophy
87
treatment of alzheimer's
medications that increase acetylcholine, behavioral treatments, caregiver support interventions

diagnoses (4 decks)

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