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diagnoses > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is a personality disorder

A

inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior

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2
Q

Cluster A PD

A

odd or eccentric, unusual behavior
Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD

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3
Q

paranoid PD

A

irrational suspicions and mistrust of others

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4
Q

schizoid PD

A

lack of interest in social relationships, anhedonia, introspection, emotional coldness and detachment

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5
Q

Cluster B PD

A

dramatic, emotional, erratic
antisocial PD
borderline PD
histrionic PD
narcissistic PD

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5
Q

antisocial PD

A

pervasive disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and a pattern of regular criminal activity

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6
Q

borderline PD

A

extreme black and white thinking; instability in relationships, self-image, identity; behavior often leading to self-harm and impulsivity

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7
Q

histrionic PD

A

pervasive attention-seeking behavior including inappropriately seductive behavior and shallow or exaggerated emotions

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8
Q

narcissistic PD

A

grandiose, need for admiration, self-important, preoccupied with belief that they are special, sense of entitlement, need for admiration, arrogant

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9
Q

vulnerable narcissistic PD

A

fragile & unstable self-esteem
caused by parental abuse; intrusive, controlling, cold parenting

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10
Q

grandiose narcissistic PD

A

overestimate own abilities, underestimate others; sense of entitlement
caused by parent overvaluation

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11
Q

Cluster C PD

A

anxious and fearful
avoidant PD
dependent PD
obsessive-compulsive PD

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12
Q

avoidant PD

A

social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and avoidance of social interaction

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13
Q

dependent PD

A

pervasive psychological dependence on other people

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14
Q

obsessive-compulsive PD

A

rigid conformity to rules and moral codes; excessive orderliness (comorbidity with OCD only 20%)

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15
Q

course of PD

A

teens, early adulthood
75% comorbidity, 85% another PD
9-13% of US adults

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16
Q

contributory factors to PD

A

temperament & big five traits
genetics
disturbed parent-child attachment
parental psychopathology
ineffective parenting
abuse

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17
Q

non-suicidal self injury

A

relief from negative emotions
communicate distress
self-punishment
to feel something

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18
Q

causal factors of borderline PD

A

genetics
low serotonin
high norepinephrine
brain abnormalities (frontal lobe, hippocamp, amyg)
childhood abuse, neglect
parental psychopathology

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19
Q

treatment of borderline PD

A

DBT
medications mildly beneficial

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20
Q

psychopathy

A

ASPD behaviors + interpersonal and affective traits: cunningness, coldness, inability to have empathy

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21
Q

causal factors of antisocial behaviors

A

gene-enviro: mono oxi-A gene & childhood adversity
moderate heritability
deficient behavioral inhibition system
overactive behavioral activation system
emotional deficits

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22
Q

fast track project

A

prevention for ASPD and psychopathy

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23
Q

addiction symptom categories

A

impaired control
social impairment
risky use
pharmacological
mild: 2-3
moderate: 4-5
severe: 6+

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24
Q

impaired control

A

taken longer than intended
unsuccessful efforts to control use
great deal of time spent
cravings

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25
Q

social impairment

A

failure to fulfill major role obligations
continued use despite social problems
activities given up to use

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26
Q

risky use

A

recurrent use in hazardous situations
continued despite knowing a problem has been caused by it

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27
Q

pharmacological

A

tolerance
withdrawal

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28
Q

diagnosing alcohol withdrawal

A

sweating, high pulse
hand tremors
insomnia
nausea or vomiting
psychomotor agitation
anxiety

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29
Q

risks of alcohol use disorder

A

injury
crime
relationship deterioration
occupational problems
financial strain

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30
Q

alcohol has stimulant + depressant properties

A

low levels: suppresses inhibitory parts of brain, stimulates pleasure centers
high levels: inhibits glutamine, lower brain activital, lower respiratio

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31
Q

physical effects of chronic alcohol use

A

weight gain/malnutrition
reduced life span (12 years)
brain shrinkage
sleep distruption

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32
Q

what impact alcohol use

A

genetics
physiology
environment
behavior

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33
Q

what impacts problematic alcohol use

A

drinking to relax
expectations about pros and cons
lack of social support
sociocultural factors

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34
Q

treatment of alcohol use disorder

A

multidisciplinary approach: group therapy, motivational interviewing, virtual reality, medication

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35
Q

substance use disorder

A

stimulants
depressants
hallucinogens

36
Q

stimulants

A

amphetamines
cocaine
caffeine
nicotine
weed

37
Q

depressants

A

xanax
alcohol
opium
codeine
heroin
weed

38
Q

hallucinogens

A

LSD
ketamine
weed

39
Q

relapse and addiction

A

outcomes are better when people are taught to expect relapse
due to: cues, withdrawal symptoms, anhedonia, coping

40
Q

why lower SES = higher smoking rates

A

suppresses anxiety in stressed communities, lower education, target of tobacco companies

41
Q

treating nicotine addiction

A

nicotine replacement therapy plus CBT

42
Q

gambling disorder symptoms

A

emotional dysregulation, low-stress tolerance, rebellious, thrill-seeking, superstitious, antisocial, compulsive

43
Q

etiology of gambling disorder

A

operant conditioning (variable ratio schedule or reinforcement)
rationalizations and misunderstandings

44
Q

treating gambling disorder

A

CBT

45
Q

autism-spectrum disorder

A

deficits in language, perceptual and motor development, reality testing, social functioning

46
Q

social characteristics of autism

A

show little or no need for affection, may not seem to know or care who parents are, inability to take other people’s perspectives

47
Q

language characteristics of autism

A

speech is sometimes present, often not
echolalia may occur

48
Q

motor features of autism

A

hand flapping, spinning, rocking
self-injurious behaviors
odd body postures, clenching
hyper or hypo sensitivity to sensory input

49
Q

intellectual ability of autism

A

usually impairment (with exceptions)
difficulty with symbolic motor and visual tasks
assessment challenges

50
Q

sameness in autism

A

insistence on routine, rituals
hyper-focused on object, upset if taken away

51
Q

risks for autism

A

genes
CNS damage
prenatal development
advanced paternal age

52
Q

support for autism

A

intensive behavior therapy (most hours spent in teaching)

53
Q

ADHD symptoms

A

impulsivity, excessive motor activity, trouble sustaining attention, highly distractable, often over-talkative, socially immature relative to peers, intrusive

54
Q

clinical picture of ADHD

A

trouble getting alone with parents
viewed negatively by peers
struggle in school

55
Q

etiology of ADHD

A

slightly smaller brain volume
slower brain maturation
brain processes that disinhibit child’s behavior (frontal lobe)
highly heritable

56
Q

ADHD treatment

A

medication
family therapy
behavior therapy techniques

57
Q

oppositional defiant disorder

A

angry/irritable, negative, defiant, disobedient, hostile behavior towards authority
subtypes: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, vindictiveness

58
Q

risk factors to ODD

A

inconsistent discipline
harsh discipline
parents not able to guide or supervise child

59
Q

conduct disorder

A

persistent, repetitive rule violation; disregard others’ rights
lying, stealing, aggression, vengefulness, destructiveness, truancy, running away

60
Q

etiology of conduct disorder

A

high heritability
aggression, poor social skills, disobedience
ineffective parenting
low SES

61
Q

treatment of conduct disorder

A

cohesive family model (parenting skills, disciplinary consistency, attend to and reinforce positive behavior instead of negative)

62
Q

separation anxiety disorder

A

excessive anxiety about separation from attachment figures and familiar home surroundings

63
Q

selective mutism

A

normally capable of speech but cannot speak in specific situations or to specific people

64
Q

etiology of childhood anxiety

A

social and cultural factors
temperament
life events
overanxious/overprotective parents
indifferent, detached, or rejecting parents
exposure to violence

65
Q

treating childhood anxiety

A

medication, CBT, play therapy, parent training

66
Q

childhood depression

A

irritability usually instead of depressed mood

67
Q

etiology of childhood depression

A

parental depression
early trauma and severe stress
cognitive style/ruminative coping

68
Q

treatment of childhood depression

A

antidepressants, CBT, play therapy

69
Q

childhood bipolar disorder

A

challenges: some symptoms developmentally appropriate, symptoms overlap with other diagnoses, tough diagnosis to shake
problems: diagnosed more frequently is US, more in BIPOC kids

70
Q

learning disorders

A

delayed development in specific area
not motivational, not due to a known physical or neurological defect

71
Q

dyslexia

A

word recognition, reading comprehension
misspelling (phoneticized, reversals)
reading: slow; omit, add, distort words

72
Q

etiology of dyslexia

A

genes, medical issues, enviro, nervous system impairments

73
Q

treatment of dyslexia

A

accommodations help

74
Q

intellectual disability

A

deficits in general mental abilities before age 18e

75
Q

etiology of intellectual disability

A

genes and chromosomes, infections and toxins, physical injury at birth, radiation, malnutrition

76
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy of chromosome 21
biggest deficits in verbal + language skills
problems managing life tasks
health problems, shortened life span, accelerated aging

77
Q

helping down syndrome

A

children can learn self-help skills
inclusive classroom settings

78
Q

symptoms of major neurocognitive disorder

A

evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of performance: attention, language, memory, learning, cognition

79
Q

etiology of major neurocognitive disorder

A

some treatable: medications, depression, b12, alcoholism, tumors, imbalances
others: alzheimer’s, stroke, parkinson’s

80
Q

parkinson’s

A

physical profile, psychological problems, cognitive deficits, loss of dopamine-producing cells

81
Q

treatment of parkinson’s

A

meds that increase availability of dopamine, deep brain stimulation, stem cell treatment

82
Q

huntington’s disease

A

death in 10-20 years, no treatment, caused by huntingtin gene on chromosome 4

83
Q

alzheimer’s

A

slow, progressive deterioration
memory for recent events
disorientation, poor judgment, hygiene neglect, empty speech, wandering

84
Q

risk factors of alzheimer’s

A

doubles every 5 years after age 40, African American, more common in women
smoker, less education, lower SES, head trauma, APOE-E4 allele

85
Q

protective factors of alzheimer’s

A

physical activity and healthy diet
sufficient sleep
cognitive activity and stimulating environment

86
Q

how alzheimer’s impacts brain

A

amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, brain atrophy

87
Q

treatment of alzheimer’s

A

medications that increase acetylcholine, behavioral treatments, caregiver support interventions

diagnoses (4 decks)

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