exam 2 reverse cards Flashcards by Aarika Mattys

insomnia/hypersomnia
psychomotor agitation or retardation
feelings of worthlessness or guilt
hard to think or concentrate

Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms

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two ppl can have depression and have different symptoms

heterogenous presentation

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loss of pleasure, despair, lack of mood reactivity
highly heritable and associated w childhood trauma

MDD with melancholic features

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mood reactivity, weight gain, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis

MDD with atypical features

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delusions or hallucinations

MDD with psychotic features

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immobility to extensive psychomotor activity
mutism & rigidity

MDD with catatonic features

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episodes occur and resolve at the same times, no other nonseasonal episodes

MDD with seasonal pattern

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less intense, more chronic
worse outcomes, equal impairment

persistent depressive disorder

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Manic episode
1. elevated, expansive, irritable mood
2. psychotic symptoms
3. lack of insight
4. circumstantiality (over-explaining)
5. tangentiality (not getting back to question)
6. clanging (alliteration & rhyming)

Bipolar I

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Hypomanic episodes
shorter duration, no psychotic symptoms or grandiosity

Bipolar II

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numerous period of hypomanic and depressive symptoms without meeting criteria for episodes

Cyclothymic Disorder

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helps slow down
learn to avoid painful relationships
make corrections for next time

how are low-level depressive symptoms adaptive

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Nature
1. Genes (serotonin transporter gene)
2. Neurotransmitters (imbalance theory incorrect)
3. Hormones (cortisol, hyperthyroidism)
4. Brain influences
5. Biological rhythms (sleep, seasons)
Nurture
1. Stress
2. Psychological factors

Causes of MDD

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Excluded in DSM-5 so someone depressed following bereavement can get diagnosed
Pathologizing grief

Issue of Bereavement

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CBT! Negative cognitive triad–about self, world, and future–maintained by errors in logic and thinking (excessive responsibility, fortune-telling)
Behavioral activation: reduce withdrawal & avoidance, increase positive reinforcement (schedule activities)

Therapeutic Treatments of MDD

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Tricyclics
SSRIs
Esketamine nasal spray
Psilocybin-assisted treatment

Pharmacological Treatments of MDD

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Individualistic = higher manic
Collectivistic = higher depressive

Culture in Bipolar

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Neurotransmitters
Brain structure (frontal-limbic)
Hormones (HPA axis, thyroid)
Genetics
Biological rhythms

Causes of Bipolar

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Mood stabilizers (Lithium)!
Family-focused treatment
Psychoeducation
CBT

Treating Bipolar

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Add to typical functioning
1. delusions and hallucinations
2. disorganized speech and behavior

Schizo Positive Symptoms

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Deficit in typical functioning
1. Flat affect (no facial express)
2. Anhedonia (cant experience positive emotions)
3. Asociality
4. Avolition (apathy)
5. Alogia (poverty of speech)

Schizo Negative Symptoms

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Major mood episode (depressive or manic) with delusions/hallucinations.
Delusions/hallucinations in the absence of a major mood episode.

Schizoaffective Disorder

Schizophrenia-like psychosis but shorter

Schizophreniform Disorder

Delusions & no other psychotic symptoms
Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic

Delusional Disorder

Mostly positive symptoms of schizophrenia lasting at least 1 day to less than 1 month

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Highly heritable Prenatal factors (exposure to infection, complications, malnutrition) Communication deviance Expressed emotion

Genetic Influence on Schizo

Loss of brain volume--frontal & temporal lobes (amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus)

Brain Abnormalities in Schizo

Urban living Immigration Socioeconomic status Better prognosis in less industrialized nations (less expressed emotion & less long-term maintenance pharmacology)

Social Factors on Schizo

Antipsychotics (GOLD STANDARD) 1. Thorazine 2. Haldol 3. Zyprexa 4. Seroquel

Pharmacological Treatments of Schizo

Family therapy Psychoeducation ACT

Psychosocial Treatments of Schizo

Support network, intensive treatment at home Demedicalize the illness

Finland's Open Dialogue for Schizo

Relate body sensations to catastrophic illness High negative affect, alexithymia (trouble naming emotions), history of childhood sickness/absence

Somatic Symptom Disorder

CBT: induce symptoms to show they're harmless; prevent body scans and reassurance-seeking

Treating Somatic Symptom Disorder

No somatic symptoms High level of anxiety about health

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Begins after stressor, psych symptoms become physical Not explained by known medical condition

Conversion Disorder

Eclectic: Successive exercises with reinforcement for progress. Reinforcements for symptoms are eliminated

Treatment of Conversion Disorder

Commonalities: 1. Prevalence 2. Demographics 3. Motor symptoms, loss of consciousness, pseudo-seizures Differences: 1. Symptoms in asia and africa include unresponsiveness, peppery sensations 2. Overlap with culture-bound syndromes

Culture and Conversion Disorder

loss of awareness for important personal info, a way of managing stress and anxiety

Dissociative Episodes

Sense of self and of one's own reality temporarily lost

Depersonalization

Sense of reality of the outside world temporarily lost

Derealization

Inability to recall previously stored info: Name, Address, Occupation, Family. Retrograde--impaired episodic and autobiographical memory

Dissociative Amnesia

Individual leaves home. When home, amnesia for fugue period sets in

Dissociative Amnesia with Fugue

Remove patient from threatening situation, recover and work through memories

Treatment for Dissociative Amnesia

2+ identities rotate in controlling behavior. "Switching" is sudden, often involuntary

Dissociative Identity Disorder

1. Movies and media 2. Increased attention to history of child abuse 3. Diagnostic criteria 4. Therapists subtly suggesting multiple personalities

Reasons DID is Increasing

Posttraumatic theory: reaction to severe childhood trauma (diathesis-stress) Sociocognitive theory: highly suggestible person adopts different identities as clinicians suggest, legitimize, and reinforce them (biopsychosocial)

How DID Develops

Eclectic: relying most heavily on insight-oriented techniques (psychodynamic)! Goal is to merge sub-personalities. After merging, therapy needed to maintain complete personality and prevent future dissociations

Treating DID

Binge eating and purging to prevent weight gain

Bulimia Nervosa

Strict dieting Tension and cravings Binge eating Purging Shame and disgust Repeat

Binge-Purge Cycle

Antidepressants and CBT

Treating Bulimia

Recurrent episodes of binge eating with no purging

Binge-Eating Disorder

Interpersonal Therapy! Antidepressants + CBT

Binge Eating Disorder Treatment

Denial Pride Ambivalence (baggy clothes) Preoccupation with food

Anorexia Nervosa Features

First restore weight Medications: Olanzapine (antipsychotic that helps weight gain) For teens: Family therapy For adults: CBT, IPT, general supportive therapy

Anorexia Treatment