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diagnoses > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms

A
  1. insomnia/hypersomnia
  2. psychomotor agitation or retardation
  3. feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  4. hard to think or concentrate
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2
Q

heterogenous presentation

A

two ppl can have depression and have different symptoms

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3
Q

MDD with melancholic features

A

loss of pleasure, despair, lack of mood reactivity
highly heritable and associated w childhood trauma

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4
Q

MDD with atypical features

A

mood reactivity, weight gain, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis

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5
Q

MDD with psychotic features

A

delusions or hallucinations

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6
Q

MDD with catatonic features

A

immobility to extensive psychomotor activity
mutism & rigidity

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7
Q

MDD with seasonal pattern

A

episodes occur and resolve at the same times, no other nonseasonal episodes

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8
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

less intense, more chronic
worse outcomes, equal impairment

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9
Q

Bipolar I

A

Manic episode
1. elevated, expansive, irritable mood
2. psychotic symptoms
3. lack of insight
4. circumstantiality (over-explaining)
5. tangentiality (not getting back to question)
6. clanging (alliteration & rhyming)

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10
Q

Bipolar II

A

Hypomanic episodes
shorter duration, no psychotic symptoms or grandiosity

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11
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

numerous period of hypomanic and depressive symptoms without meeting criteria for episodes

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12
Q

how are low-level depressive symptoms adaptive

A
  1. helps slow down
  2. learn to avoid painful relationships
  3. make corrections for next time
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13
Q

Causes of MDD

A

Nature
1. Genes (serotonin transporter gene)
2. Neurotransmitters (imbalance theory incorrect)
3. Hormones (cortisol, hyperthyroidism)
4. Brain influences
5. Biological rhythms (sleep, seasons)
Nurture
1. Stress
2. Psychological factors

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14
Q

Issue of Bereavement

A

Excluded in DSM-5 so someone depressed following bereavement can get diagnosed
Pathologizing grief

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15
Q

Therapeutic Treatments of MDD

A
  1. CBT! Negative cognitive triad–about self, world, and future–maintained by errors in logic and thinking (excessive responsibility, fortune-telling)
  2. Behavioral activation: reduce withdrawal & avoidance, increase positive reinforcement (schedule activities)
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16
Q

Pharmacological Treatments of MDD

A

Tricyclics
SSRIs
Esketamine nasal spray
Psilocybin-assisted treatment

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17
Q

Culture in Bipolar

A

Individualistic = higher manic
Collectivistic = higher depressive

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18
Q

Causes of Bipolar

A
  1. Neurotransmitters
  2. Brain structure (frontal-limbic)
  3. Hormones (HPA axis, thyroid)
  4. Genetics
  5. Biological rhythms
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19
Q

Treating Bipolar

A
  1. Mood stabilizers (Lithium)!
  2. Family-focused treatment
  3. Psychoeducation
  4. CBT
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20
Q

Schizo Positive Symptoms

A

Add to typical functioning
1. delusions and hallucinations
2. disorganized speech and behavior

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21
Q

Schizo Negative Symptoms

A

Deficit in typical functioning
1. Flat affect (no facial express)
2. Anhedonia (cant experience positive emotions)
3. Asociality
4. Avolition (apathy)
5. Alogia (poverty of speech)

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22
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

Major mood episode (depressive or manic) with delusions/hallucinations.
Delusions/hallucinations in the absence of a major mood episode.

23
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

Schizophrenia-like psychosis but shorter

24
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

Delusions & no other psychotic symptoms
Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic

25
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

Mostly positive symptoms of schizophrenia lasting at least 1 day to less than 1 month

26
Q

Genetic Influence on Schizo

A

Highly heritable
Prenatal factors (exposure to infection, complications, malnutrition)
Communication deviance
Expressed emotion

27
Q

Brain Abnormalities in Schizo

A

Loss of brain volume–frontal & temporal lobes (amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus)

28
Q

Social Factors on Schizo

A

Urban living
Immigration
Socioeconomic status
Better prognosis in less industrialized nations (less expressed emotion & less long-term maintenance pharmacology)

29
Q

Pharmacological Treatments of Schizo

A

Antipsychotics (GOLD STANDARD)
1. Thorazine
2. Haldol
3. Zyprexa
4. Seroquel

30
Q

Psychosocial Treatments of Schizo

A

Family therapy
Psychoeducation
ACT

31
Q

Finland’s Open Dialogue for Schizo

A

Support network, intensive treatment at home
Demedicalize the illness

32
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

Relate body sensations to catastrophic illness
High negative affect, alexithymia (trouble naming emotions), history of childhood sickness/absence

33
Q

Treating Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

CBT: induce symptoms to show they’re harmless; prevent body scans and reassurance-seeking

34
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

No somatic symptoms
High level of anxiety about health

35
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Begins after stressor, psych symptoms become physical
Not explained by known medical condition

36
Q

Treatment of Conversion Disorder

A

Eclectic:
Successive exercises with reinforcement for progress.
Reinforcements for symptoms are eliminated

37
Q

Culture and Conversion Disorder

A

Commonalities:
1. Prevalence
2. Demographics
3. Motor symptoms, loss of consciousness, pseudo-seizures
Differences:
1. Symptoms in asia and africa include unresponsiveness, peppery sensations
2. Overlap with culture-bound syndromes

38
Q

Dissociative Episodes

A

loss of awareness for important personal info, a way of managing stress and anxiety

39
Q

Depersonalization

A

Sense of self and of one’s own reality temporarily lost

40
Q

Derealization

A

Sense of reality of the outside world temporarily lost

41
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Inability to recall previously stored info:
Name, Address, Occupation, Family.
Retrograde–impaired episodic and autobiographical memory

42
Q

Dissociative Amnesia with Fugue

A

Individual leaves home. When home, amnesia for fugue period sets in

43
Q

Treatment for Dissociative Amnesia

A

Remove patient from threatening situation, recover and work through memories

44
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

2+ identities rotate in controlling behavior.
“Switching” is sudden, often involuntary

45
Q

Reasons DID is Increasing

A
  1. Movies and media
  2. Increased attention to history of child abuse
  3. Diagnostic criteria
  4. Therapists subtly suggesting multiple personalities
46
Q

How DID Develops

A

Posttraumatic theory: reaction to severe childhood trauma (diathesis-stress)
Sociocognitive theory: highly suggestible person adopts different identities as clinicians suggest, legitimize, and reinforce them (biopsychosocial)

47
Q

Treating DID

A

Eclectic: relying most heavily on insight-oriented techniques (psychodynamic)!
Goal is to merge sub-personalities.
After merging, therapy needed to maintain complete personality and prevent future dissociations

48
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Binge eating and purging to prevent weight gain

49
Q

Binge-Purge Cycle

A

Strict dieting
Tension and cravings
Binge eating
Purging
Shame and disgust
Repeat

50
Q

Treating Bulimia

A

Antidepressants and CBT

51
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating with no purging

52
Q

Binge Eating Disorder Treatment

A

Interpersonal Therapy!
Antidepressants + CBT

53
Q

Anorexia Nervosa Features

A

Denial
Pride
Ambivalence (baggy clothes)
Preoccupation with food

54
Q

Anorexia Treatment

A

First restore weight
Medications: Olanzapine (antipsychotic that helps weight gain)
For teens: Family therapy
For adults: CBT, IPT, general supportive therapy

diagnoses (4 decks)

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