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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms

A
  1. insomnia/hypersomnia
  2. psychomotor agitation or retardation
  3. feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  4. hard to think or concentrate
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2
Q

heterogenous presentation

A

two ppl can have depression and have different symptoms

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3
Q

MDD with melancholic features

A

loss of pleasure, despair, lack of mood reactivity
highly heritable and associated w childhood trauma

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4
Q

MDD with atypical features

A

mood reactivity, weight gain, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis

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5
Q

MDD with psychotic features

A

delusions or hallucinations

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6
Q

MDD with catatonic features

A

immobility to extensive psychomotor activity
mutism & rigidity

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7
Q

MDD with seasonal pattern

A

episodes occur and resolve at the same times, no other nonseasonal episodes

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8
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

less intense, more chronic
worse outcomes, equal impairment

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9
Q

Bipolar I

A

Manic episode
1. elevated, expansive, irritable mood
2. psychotic symptoms
3. lack of insight
4. circumstantiality (over-explaining)
5. tangentiality (not getting back to question)
6. clanging (alliteration & rhyming)

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10
Q

Bipolar II

A

Hypomanic episodes
shorter duration, no psychotic symptoms or grandiosity

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11
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

numerous period of hypomanic and depressive symptoms without meeting criteria for episodes

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12
Q

how are low-level depressive symptoms adaptive

A
  1. helps slow down
  2. learn to avoid painful relationships
  3. make corrections for next time
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13
Q

Causes of MDD

A

Nature
1. Genes (serotonin transporter gene)
2. Neurotransmitters (imbalance theory incorrect)
3. Hormones (cortisol, hyperthyroidism)
4. Brain influences
5. Biological rhythms (sleep, seasons)
Nurture
1. Stress
2. Psychological factors

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14
Q

Issue of Bereavement

A

Excluded in DSM-5 so someone depressed following bereavement can get diagnosed
Pathologizing grief

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15
Q

Therapeutic Treatments of MDD

A
  1. CBT! Negative cognitive triad–about self, world, and future–maintained by errors in logic and thinking (excessive responsibility, fortune-telling)
  2. Behavioral activation: reduce withdrawal & avoidance, increase positive reinforcement (schedule activities)
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16
Q

Pharmacological Treatments of MDD

A

Tricyclics
SSRIs
Esketamine nasal spray
Psilocybin-assisted treatment

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17
Q

Culture in Bipolar

A

Individualistic = higher manic
Collectivistic = higher depressive

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18
Q

Causes of Bipolar

A
  1. Neurotransmitters
  2. Brain structure (frontal-limbic)
  3. Hormones (HPA axis, thyroid)
  4. Genetics
  5. Biological rhythms
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19
Q

Treating Bipolar

A
  1. Mood stabilizers (Lithium)!
  2. Family-focused treatment
  3. Psychoeducation
  4. CBT
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20
Q

Schizo Positive Symptoms

A

Add to typical functioning
1. delusions and hallucinations
2. disorganized speech and behavior

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21
Q

Schizo Negative Symptoms

A

Deficit in typical functioning
1. Flat affect (no facial express)
2. Anhedonia (cant experience positive emotions)
3. Asociality
4. Avolition (apathy)
5. Alogia (poverty of speech)

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22
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

Major mood episode (depressive or manic) with delusions/hallucinations.
Delusions/hallucinations in the absence of a major mood episode.

23
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

Schizophrenia-like psychosis but shorter

24
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

Delusions & no other psychotic symptoms
Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic

25
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Mostly positive symptoms of schizophrenia lasting at least 1 day to less than 1 month
26
Genetic Influence on Schizo
Highly heritable Prenatal factors (exposure to infection, complications, malnutrition) Communication deviance Expressed emotion
27
Brain Abnormalities in Schizo
Loss of brain volume--frontal & temporal lobes (amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus)
28
Social Factors on Schizo
Urban living Immigration Socioeconomic status Better prognosis in less industrialized nations (less expressed emotion & less long-term maintenance pharmacology)
29
Pharmacological Treatments of Schizo
Antipsychotics (GOLD STANDARD) 1. Thorazine 2. Haldol 3. Zyprexa 4. Seroquel
30
Psychosocial Treatments of Schizo
Family therapy Psychoeducation ACT
31
Finland's Open Dialogue for Schizo
Support network, intensive treatment at home Demedicalize the illness
32
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Relate body sensations to catastrophic illness High negative affect, alexithymia (trouble naming emotions), history of childhood sickness/absence
33
Treating Somatic Symptom Disorder
CBT: induce symptoms to show they're harmless; prevent body scans and reassurance-seeking
34
Illness Anxiety Disorder
No somatic symptoms High level of anxiety about health
35
Conversion Disorder
Begins after stressor, psych symptoms become physical Not explained by known medical condition
36
Treatment of Conversion Disorder
Eclectic: Successive exercises with reinforcement for progress. Reinforcements for symptoms are eliminated
37
Culture and Conversion Disorder
Commonalities: 1. Prevalence 2. Demographics 3. Motor symptoms, loss of consciousness, pseudo-seizures Differences: 1. Symptoms in asia and africa include unresponsiveness, peppery sensations 2. Overlap with culture-bound syndromes
38
Dissociative Episodes
loss of awareness for important personal info, a way of managing stress and anxiety
39
Depersonalization
Sense of self and of one's own reality temporarily lost
40
Derealization
Sense of reality of the outside world temporarily lost
41
Dissociative Amnesia
Inability to recall previously stored info: Name, Address, Occupation, Family. Retrograde--impaired episodic and autobiographical memory
42
Dissociative Amnesia with Fugue
Individual leaves home. When home, amnesia for fugue period sets in
43
Treatment for Dissociative Amnesia
Remove patient from threatening situation, recover and work through memories
44
Dissociative Identity Disorder
2+ identities rotate in controlling behavior. "Switching" is sudden, often involuntary
45
Reasons DID is Increasing
1. Movies and media 2. Increased attention to history of child abuse 3. Diagnostic criteria 4. Therapists subtly suggesting multiple personalities
46
How DID Develops
Posttraumatic theory: reaction to severe childhood trauma (diathesis-stress) Sociocognitive theory: highly suggestible person adopts different identities as clinicians suggest, legitimize, and reinforce them (biopsychosocial)
47
Treating DID
Eclectic: relying most heavily on insight-oriented techniques (psychodynamic)! Goal is to merge sub-personalities. After merging, therapy needed to maintain complete personality and prevent future dissociations
48
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge eating and purging to prevent weight gain
49
Binge-Purge Cycle
Strict dieting Tension and cravings Binge eating Purging Shame and disgust Repeat
50
Treating Bulimia
Antidepressants and CBT
51
Binge-Eating Disorder
Recurrent episodes of binge eating with no purging
52
Binge Eating Disorder Treatment
Interpersonal Therapy! Antidepressants + CBT
53
Anorexia Nervosa Features
Denial Pride Ambivalence (baggy clothes) Preoccupation with food
54
Anorexia Treatment
First restore weight Medications: Olanzapine (antipsychotic that helps weight gain) For teens: Family therapy For adults: CBT, IPT, general supportive therapy

diagnoses (4 decks)

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