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Metabolic > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

salivary a-amylase hydrolyzes which bonds

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

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2
Q

T/f, digestion of amylose and amylopectin occurs in the stomach

A

false

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3
Q

which enzyme resumes the digestion of dextrins in duodenum/SI

A

pancreatic a-amylase

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4
Q

what are the four brush border enzymes

A

maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, lactase

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5
Q

function of maltase

A

cleave α1-4 bonds of maltose
and maltotriose to glucose

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6
Q

function of isomaltase

A

cleaves the
α1-6 bond of limit dextrins

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7
Q

function of sucrase

A

cleaves α1-2 bonds of sucrose
to produce fructose and glucose

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8
Q

function of lactose

A

cleaves the β1-4 bond between
galactose and glucose in lactose

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9
Q

the enzyme in the mouth that digests fats

A

lingual lipase

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10
Q

the enzyme in the stomach that digests fats

A

gastric lipase

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11
Q

phospholipids/phosphotidylcholine is hydrolyzed by
pancreatic enzyme __________

A

Phospholipase A2

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12
Q

Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes phosphotidylcholine to produce _______

A

lysophosphatidylcholine

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13
Q

removes the FAs that
form the cholesterol fraction in the pancreas

A

cholesterol esterase

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14
Q

which transporter absorbs lipids into enterocytes when there is a low concentration

A

Fatty acid transporter 4 (FATP4) or
FAT/CD36

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15
Q

how do lipids get absorbed into enterocytes if there is large concentration?

A

passive diffusion

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16
Q

absorbed lipid molecules in enterocytes get converted into

A

TAG, PLs, and cholesterol esters

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17
Q

Chylomicrons are
synthesized at the
___________ and __________ in enterocytes

A

endoplasmic reticulum and
golgi

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18
Q

which enzyme digests proteins in the stomach

A

pepsin

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19
Q

which enzymes digest proteins in the SI

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases

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20
Q

glucose and galactose get absorbed by _______ in enterocytes

A

SGLT1

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21
Q

fructose is taken up by _______ into the enterocyte

A

glute5

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22
Q

galactose, glucose, and fructose all exit the enterocyte through this transporter

A

glute2

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23
Q

glute 5 and glute 2 are _________ diffusion

A

facilitated

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24
Q

lipids enter enterocytes through the _________ side and leave through the ______________ side

A

luminal; basal lateral membrane

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25
Q

Phospholipase A2 cleaves off ….

A

fatty acids at position 2

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26
Q

hormone that causes bicarbonate to be released from the pancreas

A

secretin

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27
Q

hormone that causes the release of bile from the gallbladder

A

CCK

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28
Q

activated trypsinogen to form trypsin

A

enteropeptidase

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29
Q

T/F, glycolysis is on in a fed state

A

true

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30
Q

major hormone present in a fed state

A

insulin

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31
Q

T/F, insulin works as a dephosphorylater

A

true

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32
Q

activates fatty acids by adding coA

A

Acyl-coa synthetase

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33
Q

pathways on in a fed state for lipids

A

triglyceride synthesis
phospholipid syn
cholesterol synthesis

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34
Q

fatty acid activation takes how many atps

A

2

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35
Q

AMPK _________phorylates GPAT1 which turns it _______

A

phosphorylate; off

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36
Q

HMG CoA reductase is _______phorylated by AMPK turning it off

A

phosphorylated

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37
Q

HMG CoA reductase is activated/dephorylated by ________

A

PP2a

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38
Q

the main lipoprotein circulating in a fed state

A

chylomicrons

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39
Q

primary lipoprotein in a fasted state

A

VLDLs

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40
Q

in a fed state, TSC complex is ________ which allows rheb to turn ________ MTORR

A

off; on

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41
Q

If TSC complex is active, _______ is blocked and then mTORR is inactive

A

RHEB

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42
Q

_______ phosphorylates mTORC1, turning it _________

A

AMPK, off

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43
Q

which HK is found in all mammalian tissues

A

HK I

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44
Q

when glucokinase is bound to GKRP, it is __________

A

inactive

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45
Q

glucokinase is induced by _______ & _________

A

glucose and insulin

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46
Q

this molecule stimulates the binding of GK to GKRP if there is excess

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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47
Q

what are the five enzyme that phosphorylate and turn off glycogen synthase

A

-glycogen synthase kinase
-glycogen phosphorylase kinase a -protein kinase A
-calmodulin kinase
-AMP kinase

48
Q

positive allosteric regulator of the inactive form of glycogen synthase

A

glucose 6 phosphate

49
Q

glycogen synthase gets dephosphorylated/activated by

A

pp1

50
Q

in glycolysis, glucose from glycogen nets _____ ATP instead of 2

A

3

51
Q

products of anaerobic glycolysis

A

2 lactate, 2 atp, 0 nadh

52
Q

products of aerobic glycolysis

A

2 nadh, a pyruvate, 2 atp

53
Q

rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase 1

54
Q

what allosterically activates PFK1

A

AMP, ADP, F2,6BP

55
Q

what allosterically inhibits PFK1

A

ATP, citrate

56
Q

F2, 6BP is produced by

A

PFK2

57
Q

in the liver, PP1 dephosphorylates ________ turning it ________ which then allosterically activates _______

A

PFK2; on; PFK1

58
Q

PKA ______________ PFK2 turning it _______ but only in this organ

A

phosphorylates; off; liver

59
Q

in the liver, pyruvate kinase is ______________ to turn it off by __________

A

phosphorylate; PKA

60
Q

in glycerol synthesis, G3P has to be made in adipocytes through glycolysis because

A

they lack the enzyme glycerol kinase, so they can’t just phosphorylate glycerols

61
Q

when does de novo fatty acid synthesis occur

A

when there’s excess CHO intake and glycogen stores are full

62
Q

de novo fatty acid synthesis primarily occurs in these 3 places

A

adipose tissue, mammary glands, and liver

63
Q

acetyl-coa is converted to malonyl coa via

A

acetyl-coa carboxylase

64
Q

ACC1 is activated by _______ and inhibited by _________

A

citrate; palmitate

65
Q

These two kinases phosphorylate and inhibit ACC1

A

PKA and AMPK

66
Q

_______ dephosphorylates ACC1, activating it

A

PP4

67
Q

products of 1 turn of the TCA cycle

A

1 GTP, 1 FADH, and 3 NADH

68
Q

in the TCA cycle, ______ and ______ inhibit citrate synthase

A

NADH & citrate

69
Q

isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by ________ & activated by __________

A

NADH & Ca2+

70
Q

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is inhibited by ________ & _________

A

NADH & Succinyl coa

71
Q

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by _________

A

Ca2+

72
Q

glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is activated by ________ & _________

A

glucose 6-phosphate & NADP+

73
Q

glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is inhibited by __________

A

NADPH

74
Q

Enzyme that adds O-glcnac in hexosamine biosynthetic pathway

A

OGT

75
Q

what activates PDH kinase

A

-acetyl coa
-NADH

76
Q

what inhibits PDH kinase

A

-pyruvate
-NAD+
-coA
-ADP
-calcium

77
Q

what inhibits PDH phosphatase

A

acetyl-coa

78
Q

what stimulates PDH phosphatase

A

Magnesium and calcium

79
Q

PDH kinase phosphorylates PDH turning it ______

A

off

80
Q

when ACC is phosphorylated, it is __________

A

inactive

81
Q

when MCD is phosphorylated it is ______

A

active

82
Q

AMPK phosphorylates ACC, turning it ______

A

off

83
Q

AMPK phosphorylates MCD, turning it _______

A

on

84
Q

fatty acyl coas ________ ACC

A

inhibit

85
Q

fatty acyl coa ________ malonyl decarboxylase

A

activates

86
Q

in a fed state, protein phosphatases turn ACC ______ and MCD _________

A

on; off

87
Q

activator for ACC

A

citrate

88
Q

ketogenesis occurs in the ______

A

liver

89
Q

glycogen phosphorylase kinase is phosphorylated by ________ making it _________active

A

PKA; active

90
Q

glycogen phosphorylase kinase is in its most active form when

A

its phosphorylated and when Ca2+ is bound

91
Q

if Arg builds up during the urea cycle, what does that mean about its speed

A

its going too slow

92
Q

Arginia ________ the production of NAG by activating __________

A

increases; N-acetyl glutamate synthase

93
Q

At 24 hours, proteolysis _________, after 48 hrs, it __________

A

increases; decreases

94
Q

when are ketones formed

A

-uncontrolled diabetes
-very low carb diet
-prolonged fasting

95
Q

insulin is an ________ hormone

A

anabolic

96
Q

T/f, in a fasted state we see glucagon, catecholamines, and cortisol

A

true

97
Q

RER is ________ in a fasted state in obese people

A

lower

98
Q

RER is _________ in a fed state in obese ppl

A

higher

99
Q

those obese have more of this muscle fiber

A

fast glycolytic

100
Q

the mitochondria has a positive charge and low pH where

A

inner membrane space

101
Q

NADH donation of electrons in ETC pumps out ______ electrons

A

10

102
Q

FADH donation of electrons in ETC pumps out ______ electrons

A

6

103
Q

it takes _____ equivalent protons to make ATP

A

4

104
Q

Initial reaction in the catabolism of BCAA

A

BCAT

105
Q

is BCAT highly expressed in liver

A

no

106
Q

BCKAD kinase ________ activity of BCKAD

A

decreases

107
Q

BCKAD activity increases through BCKAD __________

A

phosphatase

108
Q

what products allosterically inhibit BCKAD

A

isovaleryl coa, a-methylbutyrl coa, isobutyrl coa

109
Q

in what situations is BCAA metabolism activated

A

-starvation and prolonged exercise
-increased cortisol

110
Q

T/f, SODS convert superoxides into hydrogen peroxide

A

true

111
Q

the SOD isoform, CuZnSOD, is located where

A

cytosol

112
Q

Located in the mitochondria, this SOD isoform is important for ros in the matrix

A

MnSOD

113
Q

catalase has a high Kcat meaning

A

it can reduce hydrogen peroxide into water very quickly

114
Q

which system handles the removal of hydrogen peroxide and has a low Km

A

glutathione system

115
Q
A

Metabolic (4 decks)

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