Exam 2 Flashcards
A fatty acid with no double bond is classified as what
a saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with a double bond
unsaturated fatty acid
A short-chain FA has fewer than ____ carbons
6
A medium chain FA has ______ carbons
8-14
A long chain FA has more than _____ carbons
14
Unsaturated FA typically have a ________ configuration
cis
in what configuration is a linear Unsaturated FA shape created
Trans
When there is a cis FA configuration, the shape of the molecule has a ________
kink/fold
Name sources of trans unsaturated FAs
processed foods, margarine, partially hydrogenated oils
Which shorthand notation system displays # of carbons and the amount of double bonds as well as their location
Delta
This shorthand notation system gives position of first double bond from the methyl end
omega
Which omega-3 fatty acid is essential
a- linolenic
This essential FA is an omega-6
linoleic acid
Which omega-3s are non-essential
EPA & DHA
why can’t humans make essential FA
they don’t have the enzymes to insert a DB past carbon 9
In which lipoprotein are ApoB100 found
VLDLs
which apolipoprotein is generally found on HDLs
ApoA1
which lipoprotein is the most dense w/ protein & is the smallest
HDL
These lipoproteins are formed in the liver
VLDLs, HDLs, LDLs,
This lipoprotein is formed in the small intestine
chylomicrons
which lipoproteins carry mostly TAGs to be stored in adipose tissues
Chylomicrons & VLDLs
In a fed state, what distributes free fatty acids from meals
chylomicrons
Acyl Coa Synthetase adds Coa to fatty acids to produce _________
Fatty acyl coa
Each turn of beta oxidation produces
1 acetyl coA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH2
where in the mitochondria does beta oxidation occur
the matrix
For every double bond in an unsaturated FA, you need to subtract _____ ATP from the total ATP yield
1.5
An odd-chained FA proceeds with beta-oxidation until _____ carbons are left. This is then split into
5: acetyl Coa & propionyl
True or false, L amino acids are used in our body
true
which group makes Amino acids unique
R group
Amino acids can act as either an acid or a base, this is termed
Amphoteric
At physiologic pH, AAs are predominately _______ or _________
dipolar ions or zwitterions
which AAs are negatively charged
Aspartic acid & glutamic acid
Which AAs are positively charged
Arginine, Histidine, and Lysine
Which type of side chain group only has carbons and hydrogens
Aliphatic AAs
Ketogenic AAs means they cannot be converted into glucose, only via- __________
acetyl-coa
What are the essential amino acids
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
During transamination, the amino acceptor becomes the _________ and the donor is the ___________
a-amino acid; a-keto acid
what is the product of deamination
NH4+
where is glutamate dehydrogenase most active
liver, kidney, and brain
glutamate + ammonium is converted to glutamine through which enzyme
glutamine synthetase
most abundant free AA in the blood
glutamine
where is the urea cycle located
periportal hepatocytes in the liver
how much ATP does on cycle of the urea cycle use
4
isomaltase breaks down
alpha 1-6
which glands make salivary amylase
the submandibular and parotid gland
salivary amylase hydrolyzes which bond
a- 1,4 glycosidic bond
which gland secretes lingual lipase
serous gland
what does lingual lipase cleave
ester bond at carbon 3 position of TAGs
is there CHO digestion in the stomach
no
chief cells in the stomach secrete what
pepsinogen
through cleavage of short peptides from the N-terminus, pepsinogen turns into _____
pepsin
where is bile produced; and concentrated in?
liver; the gall bladder
Is bile slightly acidic or alkaline?
alkaline
which enzyme continues CHO digestion in the duodenum
pancreatic a-amylase
lactase cleave which type of bonds
B 1-4
Sucrase cleaves which bonds
a 1-2
maltase cleaves what bond
a 1-4
glucose and galactose are transported into enterocytes through which transporter
SGLT1
SGLT1 is an active symporter transporting what ion along with glucose and galactose
Na+
Fructose uses which transporter
Glute5
glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed through the apical side and released from the ________ side
basolateral
what is the lipid emulsifying agent in the SI
bile
When is fatty acid transporter 4 needed
when there is a low concentration of digested lipids that need to be absorbed into the enterocyte
in the SI, if there is a high concentration of lipids needing to be absorbed into the enterocyte, ________ diffusion will occur
passive
An inactive precursor form of digestive enzyme
Zymogen
what does Secretin stimulate
the pancreas to release bicarbonate
CCK stimulates the release of
pancreatic juice, enteropeptidase, and bile
cleaves internal peptide bonds
endopeptidases
cleaves external peptide bonds from either N or C terminus
Exopeptidase
what are the pancreatic proteolytic zymogens
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, proelastase
Where does GLUT4 go after being stimulated by insulin
to the surface in a cell membrane
This lipoprotein is predominate in a fasted state
VLDLs
what are the main apolipoprotein components of chylomicrons
ApoB-48, ApoA, Apoc-II, ApoE
what are the main apolipoprotein components of mature chylomicrons
ApoC-II & ApoE
what do VLDLS contain
Apob-100
ApoA1 is found in
HDLs
what are the 3 predominate transcription factors
ChREBP, SREBP, Liver X receptor
ChREBP leads to the inhibition for transcription in …
liver and beta cells
how is ChREBP regulated
by phosphorylation by PKA and AMPK
Drives cholesterol and lipid synthesis genes in the liver
SREBPs
Increases gene transcription of cholesterol and lipogenic genes
Liver X Receptor (LXR)
why is ApoCII important
It activates lipoprotein lipase
what is the role of ApoE
help chylomicron remnant to be recognized by the liver to be uptaken
what converts trypsin into trypsinogen
enteropeptidase
what are the brush border peptidases
aminopeptidase, dipeptidylaminopeptidase, tripeptidase
