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Metabolic > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A fatty acid with no double bond is classified as what

A

a saturated fatty acid

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2
Q

A fatty acid with a double bond

A

unsaturated fatty acid

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3
Q

A short-chain FA has fewer than ____ carbons

A

6

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4
Q

A medium chain FA has ______ carbons

A

8-14

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5
Q

A long chain FA has more than _____ carbons

A

14

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6
Q

Unsaturated FA typically have a ________ configuration

A

cis

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7
Q

in what configuration is a linear Unsaturated FA shape created

A

Trans

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8
Q

When there is a cis FA configuration, the shape of the molecule has a ________

A

kink/fold

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9
Q

Name sources of trans unsaturated FAs

A

processed foods, margarine, partially hydrogenated oils

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10
Q

Which shorthand notation system displays # of carbons and the amount of double bonds as well as their location

A

Delta

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11
Q

This shorthand notation system gives position of first double bond from the methyl end

A

omega

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12
Q

Which omega-3 fatty acid is essential

A

a- linolenic

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13
Q

This essential FA is an omega-6

A

linoleic acid

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14
Q

Which omega-3s are non-essential

A

EPA & DHA

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15
Q

why can’t humans make essential FA

A

they don’t have the enzymes to insert a DB past carbon 9

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16
Q

In which lipoprotein are ApoB100 found

A

VLDLs

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17
Q

which apolipoprotein is generally found on HDLs

A

ApoA1

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18
Q

which lipoprotein is the most dense w/ protein & is the smallest

A

HDL

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19
Q

These lipoproteins are formed in the liver

A

VLDLs, HDLs, LDLs,

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20
Q

This lipoprotein is formed in the small intestine

A

chylomicrons

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21
Q

which lipoproteins carry mostly TAGs to be stored in adipose tissues

A

Chylomicrons & VLDLs

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22
Q

In a fed state, what distributes free fatty acids from meals

A

chylomicrons

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23
Q

Acyl Coa Synthetase adds Coa to fatty acids to produce _________

A

Fatty acyl coa

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24
Q

Each turn of beta oxidation produces

A

1 acetyl coA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH2

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25
Q

where in the mitochondria does beta oxidation occur

A

the matrix

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26
Q

For every double bond in an unsaturated FA, you need to subtract _____ ATP from the total ATP yield

A

1.5

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27
Q

An odd-chained FA proceeds with beta-oxidation until _____ carbons are left. This is then split into

A

5: acetyl Coa & propionyl

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28
Q

True or false, L amino acids are used in our body

A

true

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29
Q

which group makes Amino acids unique

A

R group

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30
Q

Amino acids can act as either an acid or a base, this is termed

A

Amphoteric

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31
Q

At physiologic pH, AAs are predominately _______ or _________

A

dipolar ions or zwitterions

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32
Q

which AAs are negatively charged

A

Aspartic acid & glutamic acid

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33
Q

Which AAs are positively charged

A

Arginine, Histidine, and Lysine

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34
Q

Which type of side chain group only has carbons and hydrogens

A

Aliphatic AAs

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35
Q

Ketogenic AAs means they cannot be converted into glucose, only via- __________

A

acetyl-coa

36
Q

What are the essential amino acids

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

37
Q

During transamination, the amino acceptor becomes the _________ and the donor is the ___________

A

a-amino acid; a-keto acid

38
Q

what is the product of deamination

A

NH4+

39
Q

where is glutamate dehydrogenase most active

A

liver, kidney, and brain

40
Q

glutamate + ammonium is converted to glutamine through which enzyme

A

glutamine synthetase

41
Q

most abundant free AA in the blood

A

glutamine

42
Q

where is the urea cycle located

A

periportal hepatocytes in the liver

43
Q

how much ATP does on cycle of the urea cycle use

A

4

44
Q

isomaltase breaks down

A

alpha 1-6

45
Q

which glands make salivary amylase

A

the submandibular and parotid gland

46
Q

salivary amylase hydrolyzes which bond

A

a- 1,4 glycosidic bond

47
Q

which gland secretes lingual lipase

A

serous gland

48
Q

what does lingual lipase cleave

A

ester bond at carbon 3 position of TAGs

49
Q

is there CHO digestion in the stomach

A

no

50
Q

chief cells in the stomach secrete what

A

pepsinogen

51
Q

through cleavage of short peptides from the N-terminus, pepsinogen turns into _____

A

pepsin

52
Q

where is bile produced; and concentrated in?

A

liver; the gall bladder

53
Q

Is bile slightly acidic or alkaline?

A

alkaline

54
Q

which enzyme continues CHO digestion in the duodenum

A

pancreatic a-amylase

55
Q

lactase cleave which type of bonds

A

B 1-4

56
Q

Sucrase cleaves which bonds

A

a 1-2

57
Q

maltase cleaves what bond

A

a 1-4

58
Q

glucose and galactose are transported into enterocytes through which transporter

A

SGLT1

59
Q

SGLT1 is an active symporter transporting what ion along with glucose and galactose

A

Na+

60
Q

Fructose uses which transporter

A

Glute5

61
Q

glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed through the apical side and released from the ________ side

A

basolateral

62
Q

what is the lipid emulsifying agent in the SI

A

bile

63
Q

When is fatty acid transporter 4 needed

A

when there is a low concentration of digested lipids that need to be absorbed into the enterocyte

64
Q

in the SI, if there is a high concentration of lipids needing to be absorbed into the enterocyte, ________ diffusion will occur

A

passive

65
Q

An inactive precursor form of digestive enzyme

A

Zymogen

66
Q

what does Secretin stimulate

A

the pancreas to release bicarbonate

67
Q

CCK stimulates the release of

A

pancreatic juice, enteropeptidase, and bile

68
Q

cleaves internal peptide bonds

A

endopeptidases

69
Q

cleaves external peptide bonds from either N or C terminus

A

Exopeptidase

70
Q

what are the pancreatic proteolytic zymogens

A

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, proelastase

71
Q

Where does GLUT4 go after being stimulated by insulin

A

to the surface in a cell membrane

72
Q

This lipoprotein is predominate in a fasted state

A

VLDLs

73
Q

what are the main apolipoprotein components of chylomicrons

A

ApoB-48, ApoA, Apoc-II, ApoE

74
Q

what are the main apolipoprotein components of mature chylomicrons

A

ApoC-II & ApoE

75
Q

what do VLDLS contain

A

Apob-100

76
Q

ApoA1 is found in

A

HDLs

77
Q

what are the 3 predominate transcription factors

A

ChREBP, SREBP, Liver X receptor

78
Q

ChREBP leads to the inhibition for transcription in …

A

liver and beta cells

79
Q

how is ChREBP regulated

A

by phosphorylation by PKA and AMPK

80
Q

Drives cholesterol and lipid synthesis genes in the liver

A

SREBPs

81
Q

Increases gene transcription of cholesterol and lipogenic genes

A

Liver X Receptor (LXR)

82
Q

why is ApoCII important

A

It activates lipoprotein lipase

83
Q

what is the role of ApoE

A

help chylomicron remnant to be recognized by the liver to be uptaken

84
Q

what converts trypsin into trypsinogen

A

enteropeptidase

85
Q

what are the brush border peptidases

A

aminopeptidase, dipeptidylaminopeptidase, tripeptidase

86
Q
A
87
Q
A

Metabolic (4 decks)

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