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Metabolic > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where does glycogenolysis occur

A

muscle and liver

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2
Q

glycogenolysis in the liver serves what purpose

A

to maintain blood glucose homeostasis

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3
Q

what does glycogenolysis in the muscle serve for

A

providing glucose as a substrate for ATP production in the muscle cell

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4
Q

what is the first line of defense for blood glucose maintenence

A

glycogen

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5
Q

cleaves α-1-4-glycosidic bonds
from non-reducing ends

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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6
Q

will remove 3 of last 4 glucosyl units
above branch, attaching them
via α-1-4-glycosidic bonds to a
nearby linear branch

A

debranching enzyme

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7
Q

Is Glycogen phosphorylase active when phosphorylated

A

yes

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8
Q

which enzyme phosphorylates Glycogen phosphorylase

A

GPK

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9
Q

protein kinase A (PKA) activates which enzyme

A

GPK

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10
Q

glycogen phosphorylase is dephosphorylated by which enzyme

A

PP1

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11
Q

in the liver, glucose is a negative regulator of _________

A

GP-P

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12
Q

AMP is a ___________ allosteric regulator of GP (non-phosphorylated form) in skeletal muscle

A

positive (activator)

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13
Q

Pi is a ________________ regulator of both GP-P and GP (non-phosphorylated) forms

A

positive allosteric

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14
Q

_________ is a negative (inhibitor) allosteric regulator of both GP-P and GP (non-phosphorylated) forms in skeletal muscle

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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15
Q

does acetylation of GP-P increase or decrease its activity

A

decrease

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16
Q

refers to the
process by which body proteins are
continually degraded and re-
synthesized

A

protein turnover

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17
Q

Truer or false, collagen and hemoglobin are resistant to degradation

A

true

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18
Q

where in a cell is the Ubiquitin-proteasome
pathway located

A

cytoplasm and nucleus

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19
Q

the Autophagy-lysosomal system is only present in the ___________

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

Mainly responsible for degrading longer-lived proteins and entire organelles

A

Autophagy-lysosomal system

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21
Q

essential organelle for mTOR signaling

A

lysosome

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22
Q

Primary control of cell growth

A

mTor

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23
Q

Directly binds and activates mTORC1

A

Rheb GTPase

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24
Q

__________ translocates mTORC1 to lysosomal surface

A

GTP loaded RagA

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25
Q

____________ inactivates mTORC1 and translocates back to the cytosol

A

RagA-GDP

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26
Q

Inhibits Rheb GTPase

A

Tuberous sclerosis complex

27
Q

inhibited by AKT phosphorylation

A

TSC

28
Q

Low AMP _________ protein synthesis but _________ degradation

A

stimulates; inhibits

29
Q

protein synthesis pathways are
most active over the first _____ hours after a meal

A

4

30
Q

_________ activates mTOR

A

insulin

31
Q

become the most abundant lipoproteins in the blood
stream

A

VLDL and LDL

32
Q

The process by which glucose is made in the liver, and to small extent kidneys, from non-carbohydrate carbons sources

A

gluconeogenesis

33
Q

become the predominant substrate for ATP production in
cells that have mitochondria

A

fatty acids

34
Q

becomes more prominent with long-
term fasting and starvation

A

protein degradation

35
Q

this hormone is Produced in alpha cells of
pancreas

A

glucagon

36
Q

Insulin leads to dephosphorylation of PFK2, _________ F2,6 BP levels

A

increasing

37
Q

is GNG energetically expensive

A

yes

38
Q

substrates for gng

A

AAs, glycerol, lactate

39
Q

lipolysis is most active
during the _________
state

A

fasted

40
Q

alanine becoming a more
prominent substrate for GNG is what cycle

A

Glucose-Alanine Cycle

41
Q

substrate for
GNG becomes more
prominent during exercise

A

lactate

42
Q

gng prominent substrate during prolonged fasting and starvation

A

AAs

43
Q

Hydrolyzes TAGs to liberate 1 FA and 1 diacylglycerol (DAG)

A

Adipose triacylglycerol lipase

44
Q

Hydrolyzes DAGs to liberate 1 FA and 1 monoacylglycerol

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

45
Q

Hydrolyzes MAG to liberate 1 FA and 1 glycerol

A

Monoacylglycerol lipase

46
Q

When CGI-58 bound to perilipin, lipolysis is
______ active

A

less

47
Q

Removes carnitine and adds back CoA

A

CPT2

48
Q

Transports fatty acyl carnitine across mitochondrial membrane

A

Carnitine acyl translocase

49
Q

Removes CoA and replaces with carnitine

A

CPT1

50
Q

where does beta oxidation take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

51
Q

when are ketones formed

A

Prolonged fasting/starvation, >24hours through
starvation conditions
* Very low carbohydrate diets
* During prolonged exercise without replenishment of
carbohydrates
* Uncontrolled diabetes

52
Q

Any cells with __________ can utilize ketones for ATP instead of
glucose

A

mitochondria

53
Q

cholesterol
synthesis take place in the

A

cytosol

54
Q

Ketones can cross the blood brain barrier, true or false

A

true

55
Q

how do we measure ketones

A

urine test, serum, finger stick

56
Q

normal range of ketones is

A

0-25mmol/l

57
Q

Occurs in the mitochondria and cytosol of periportal
hepatocytes

A

urea cycle

58
Q

primary system that makes urea via the Urea Cycle

A

periportal hepatocytes

59
Q

α-amino group from an AA being transferred
to the α-keto position of an α-keto acid

A

transamination

60
Q

enzyme that adds O-GlcNac

A

OGT

61
Q

enzyme that removes O-GlcNac

A

OGA

62
Q

what is the outcome of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway

A

O-GlcNac

63
Q
A

Metabolic (4 decks)

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