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Metabolic > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is made up of adenosine which is a nucleotide plus a ______ sugar

A

Ribose

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2
Q

3 steps of translation

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

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3
Q

Allosteric binding occurs where

A

Somewhere other than the enzymes binding site

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4
Q

A negative allosteric site changes the shape of the enzyme to have a _______ active site

A

Less

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5
Q

Important for proper nutrient sensing and stress regulation by maintaining proper cell signaling and transcription rates

A

O-GlcNAcylation

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6
Q

A protein important for preventing oxidative stress

A

Glutathione

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7
Q

The modifications to DNA structure that affects transcription

A

Epigenetics

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8
Q

Protein which binds to dna and initiates the transcriptional process

A

Transcription factor

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9
Q

Works with transcription factors to increase transcription rates

A

Co-activator

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10
Q

Which bond in ATP carries the most energy

A

2nd and 3rd phosphate group (pyrophosphate bond)

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11
Q

Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur

A

Cytosol

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12
Q

T/F, Ox Phos does not require oxygen

A

False, it needs o2

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13
Q

T/f, substrate level phosphorylation can proceed under anaerobic conditions

A

True

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14
Q

What are the four enzymes that participate in substrate phosphorylation

A

Creatine Kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase, and succinyl coa synthetase

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15
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of citrate from oxaloacetate & acetyl coa in the TCA cycle

A

Citrate Synthase

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16
Q

This enzyme isomerizes citrate to isocitrate in the TCA cycle

A

Aconitase

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17
Q

This enzyme catalyzes dehydrogenation in the TCA cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

This enzyme incorporates H2O across double bond of fumarate to form malate

A

Fumerase

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19
Q

Which reactions in the TCA cycle are non-equilibrium

A

Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

For the non-equilibrium reactions in the TCA, ______ is a negative allosteric effector

A

NADH

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21
Q

Which reactions in the TCA cycle use Ca2+ as an activator

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

22
Q

What is anaplerosis

A

Conversion of amino acids to tca intermediates

23
Q

Where do electrons from NADH enter in the ETC

A

Complex 1

24
Q

Where do electrons from FADH2 enter in the ETC

A

Complex 2

25
Q

Oxygen gets reduced at this complex to form water in the ETC

A

Complex 4

26
Q

In the ETC, complex II is succinate-coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase. What is its name in the TCA cycle

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

27
Q

Complex I of the ETC pumps out how many protons

A

4

28
Q

Complex III of the ETC pumps out how many protons

A

4

29
Q

Complex IV of the ETC pumps out how many protons

A

2

30
Q

How many H+ are pumped per pair of electrons from NADH

A

10

31
Q

How many H+ are pumped per pair of electrons from FADH2

A

6

32
Q

What is a superoxide

A

The incomplete reduction of oxygen

33
Q

One oxygen molecule should accept how many electrons

A

4

34
Q

There is a higher chance of superoxides when

A

At rest and PMF and [O2] are elevated

35
Q

In uncoupled Ox Phos, is ATP formed

A

No

36
Q

Which superoxide dismutase is located in the cytosol

A

CuZnSOD

37
Q

Which SOD is located in the mitochondria

A

MnSOD

38
Q

Where is catalase located

A

In the mitochondria and cytosol

39
Q

Superoxide dismutases do what

A

Dismutates superoxide to form hydrogen peroxide

40
Q

What is the role of catalase

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide to water

41
Q

The glutathione system does what

A

Converts H2O2 to H2O with low Km

42
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction to convert H2O2 to H2O

A

Glutathione peroxidase

43
Q

Amylose and amylopectin are forms of

A

Starch

44
Q

Is amylose and amylopectin digestible

A

Yes

45
Q

Hyperglycermia begins when

A

After 126 mg/dL

46
Q

Which blood glucose range is normal (mM)

A

5-7

47
Q

Color of slow oxidative muscle fiber

A

Red

48
Q

Color of fast glycolytic muscle fiber

A

White

49
Q

T/f, slow oxidative is type 1

A

True

50
Q

FAD uses which shuttle

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate

51
Q

NAD uses which shuttle

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle

52
Q

The ________ shuttle is more predominant in fast glycolytic

A

Glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

Metabolic (4 decks)

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