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animal behavior > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following statements about learning and behavior is incorrect

A

classical conditioning involves trial-and-error

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2
Q

both automatic responses and instinctive behaviors are both controlled by

A

genes

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3
Q

loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information is called

A

habituation

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4
Q

which of the following could be classified as habituation

A

1) you enter a room and hear a fan motor. after a period of time, you are no longer aware of the motor’s noise
2) one morning you awake to a beep beep beep from a garbage truck working on a new early morning schedule. the next week the garbage truck arrives at the same time, and makes the same noise, but does not wake you up

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5
Q

learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign stimulus is called

A

classical conditioning

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6
Q

every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. this is an example of

A

classical conditioning

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7
Q

the type of learning that causes specially trained dogs to salivate when they hear bells is called

A

classical conditioning

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8
Q

a type of learning in which an animal, at a critical time of it’s life, forms a social attachment to another object is called

A

imprinting

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9
Q

a type of learning in which an animal receives a reward for making a particular response is called

A

motivation

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10
Q

which of the following statements or phrases is not associated with the law of effect

A

second-order classical conditioning

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11
Q

learning is best defined as

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

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12
Q

an unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that

A

elicits a response in the absence of training

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13
Q

when psychologists construct extinction curves, they are examining

A

how long an animal remembers a paired association once the pairing has stopped

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14
Q

phenotypic plasticity refers to the ability of an organism to adopt

A

alternative phenotypes depending on environmental and/or social conditions

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15
Q

david stephen’s model of learning and environmental stability predicts that learning will be favored when environmental predictability is

A

high within an individual ‘s lifetime but low between generations

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16
Q

instrumental conditioning involves

A

positive and/or negative reinforcement of a behavioral response

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17
Q

which of the following scientists revolutionized the field of instrumental learning by developing the free-operant procedure

A

B. F. Skinner

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18
Q

behavior that changes through practice or experience is called

A

learned behavior

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19
Q

learning in which an animal uses previous experience to respond to a new situation is called

A

insight

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20
Q

which group of animals has the most complex learned behavior

A

mammals

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21
Q

sensitization is the process by which

A

animals become more likely to exhibit a response to a stimulus over time

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22
Q

appetitive stimulus is to excitatory conditioning as ____ is to

A

averse stimulus; inhibitory conditioning

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23
Q

horizontal cultural transmission refers to a situation in which information is passed

A

between individuals of the same age class

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24
Q

which of the following statements best describes the relationship between genetic evolution and cultural evolution

A

phenotypic effects of cultural evolution can be witnessed within a lifetime or within a few generations while the phenotypic effects of genetic evolution occur less rapidly

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25
Q

copying refers to a form of social learning in which

A

an observer repeats the behavior exhibited by a model individual

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26
Q

which of the following statements does not apply to Caro and Hauser’s definition of teaching?

A

teaching provides immediate benefits for the teacher

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27
Q

cultural transmission can be partitioned into which of the following two major subcategories

A

social learning and teaching

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28
Q

social learning, tool use, and innovation in primates are

A

positively correlated with absolute executive brain volume

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29
Q

which of the following individuals is credited as being one of the first to consider that cultural transmission play an important role in animal life

A

george romanes

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30
Q

culture is best defined as

A

a system of information transfer that influences an individual’s phenotype

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31
Q

whitehead’s research on matrilineal species of whales led to which of the following postulations

A

mitochondrial DNA variation is somehow linked to cultural variation in a manner akin to linkage disequilibrium

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32
Q

which form of cultural transmission is operating when information is transferred across generations, but not via parent-offspring interactions

A

oblique cultural transmission

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33
Q

sexual imprinting occurs when

A

young animals learn what constitutes an appropriate mate from observing adults in their population

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34
Q

which of the following examples is inconsistent with direct benefits received by females via mate choice

A

females choose males with low levels of fluctuating asymmetry

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35
Q

intersexual selection is to intrasexual selection as

A

female mate choice is to male-male combat

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36
Q

a type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps and drink the cream from the top. what term best applies to this behavior?

A

operant conditioning

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37
Q

sparrows are receptive to learning songs only during a sensitive period. what term best applies to this behavior

A

imprinting

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38
Q

one way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the “cross-fostering” experimental technique. suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly whiskered mud rat’s aggression

A

you would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly- whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. then compare the outcomes

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39
Q

which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct

A

A and B only

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40
Q

type C sex determination in reptiles is best characterized as

A

intermediate nest temperatures favoring mates; high and low temperatures favoring females

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41
Q

which of the following is not associated with spatial learning and foraging in honeybees

A

mushroom bodies of foragers are smaller than mushroom bodies of non-foragers

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42
Q

which of the following best depicts the initial chain of neuroendocrinological events that occur when an animal is exposed to a stressor

A

increased CRH production in the hypothalamus –> increased ACTH production in the anterior pituitary gland –> increased glucocorticoid production in the adrenal glands

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43
Q

neurons possess fibers called dendrites that perform which of the following functions

A

they receive electrochemical information from other cells in the nervous system

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44
Q

all else equal, R. A. Fisher’s sex ratio theory predicts that natural selection should favor a sex ratio of

A

one male: one female

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45
Q

copying refers to a form of social learning in which

A

an observer repeats the behavior exhibited by a model individual

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46
Q

which of the following statements about Type II males in plainfin midshipman fish is false

A

Type II males are larger than Type I nesting males

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47
Q

which of the following is not associated with sensory exploitation hypotheses of female mate choice

A

the long-term maintenance of female mate choice

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48
Q

which of the following statements regarding runaway sexual selection models is false

A

two genetically derived traits cannot co-evolve

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49
Q

which of the following statements does not apply to Hoglund and colleagues’ studies on mate-choice copying in black grouse

A

females copy the choices of other females only when the courting male has superior qualities

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50
Q

cross-fostering experiments are most useful for examining

A

how behavior is shaped by the environment an animal inhabits early in life

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51
Q

zahavis handicap hypothesis suggests that females

A

use traits that are honest indicators of male quality when choosing mates

52
Q

aggressive behavior between sexual rivals

A

usually results in death or injury of one opponent

53
Q

a “patch” is defined as a clump of resources that

A

none of the above

54
Q

a territory

A

is a defended area from which animals of the same species are excluded

55
Q

insects displaying female defense polygyny exhibit which of the following characteristics

A

all of the above

56
Q

cooperative polyandry (CP) differs from resource defense polyandry (RDP) in which of the following ways

A

in CP many males defend a female’s territory, while in RDP females defend super territories that include the smaller territories of many males

57
Q

when social pair bonding occurs, individuals establish

A

a pair bond with one partner but may mate with multiple partners during the breeding season

58
Q

which of the following techniques has enhanced our understanding of how extra pair mating translate into extra pair fertilization

A

DNA fingerprinting

59
Q

in systems where the potential for intense sperm competition exists, selection should not favor

A

decreased copulation duration

60
Q

in polyandrous mating stems

A

females mate with more than one male during the breeding season

61
Q

several males form pair bonds with several females simultaneously in which of the following mating systems

A

polygynandry

62
Q

which statement below about mating behavior is incorrect

A

the mating relationship in most mammals is monogamous, to ensure the reproductive success of the pair

63
Q

modern behavioral concepts relate the cost of a behavior to its benefit. under which relationship might a behavior be performed

A

B) cost is less than the benefit
C) cost is equal to the benefit

64
Q

the evolution of mating systems is most likely affected by

A

B) care required by young
C) certainty of paternity

65
Q

which of the following is least related to the others

A

altruism

66
Q

which of the following statements regarding Margie Profet’s hypothesis on menstruation is false

A

menstruation should be least common in breeding systems where females engage in sexual activity with many partners

67
Q

which statement does not follow from the polygyny threshold model

A

a female’s decision to occupy a certain territory depends on the number of females already present but not on territory quality

68
Q

which of the following statements about breeding systems is true

A

the occurrence of extra pair copulations has led ethnologists to consider the difference between social and genetic monogamy

69
Q

the four paths to the evolution and maintenance of cooperation in animals are

A

kin selection, group selection, reciprocity, and byproduct mutualism

70
Q

which of the following examples is inconsistent with direct benefits received by females via mate choice

A

females choose males with low levels of fluctuating asymmetry

71
Q

which of the following statements regarding runaway sexual selection models is false

A

two genetically derived traits cannot co-evolve

72
Q

the coefficient of relatedness (r) calculates

A

the probability that any two individuals share genes that are identical by descent

73
Q

jerram brown’s “offspring rule” provided a means by which to estimate

A

fitness benefits and costs of assisting kin

74
Q

haplodiploid genetic systems base which of the following characteristics

A

A) females are diploid; males are haploid
D) sisters are related to one another by an average coefficient of relatedness of r = 0.75

75
Q

the building blocks for emlen’s prediction of family dynamics are

A

kin selection theory, ecological constraints theory, and reproductive skew theory

76
Q

if sex ratio is controlled by female workers in a social insect nest, then the sex ration should approach

A

3 female: 1 male

77
Q

which of the following statements regarding Haig’s theory of in-utero parent- offspring conflict is true

A

hormones produced by the placenta manipulate the in-utero environment in ways that benefit the fetus at a cost to the mother

78
Q

infanticide will be favored most strongly when a mother’s residual reproductive value is

A

high and resources are scarce

79
Q

which of the following statements does not relate to sibling rivalry in egret chicks

A

first-hatched chicks are competitively inferior to second-hatched chicks

80
Q

the conspecific-threshold model of kin recognition posits that the evolutionarily stable acceptance threshold is a function of

A

A) the fitness consequences of making kin recognition errors (accepting non-kin or rejecting kin)
B) the relative frequency at which individuals interact with different classes of conspecifics

81
Q

which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5

A

an uncle to his nephew

82
Q

which scientist devised a rule that predicts when natural selection should favor altruism

A

william hamilton

83
Q

animals that help other animals of the same species are expected to

A

be genetically related to other animals

84
Q

the presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

A

genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes

85
Q

in belding’s ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. what is the likely reason for this distinction

A

females settle in the area in which they were born, so the calling females are warning kin

86
Q

the central concept of sociobiology is that

A

most aspects of our social behavior have an evolutionary basis

87
Q

which scientist suggested that human social behavior may have a genetic basis

A

E. O. wilson

88
Q

which scientist developed the concept of inclusive fitness

A

william hamilton

89
Q

according to hamilton’s rule

A

natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the beneficiary, correct for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist

90
Q

female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. this sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. which of the following terms best describes this behavior

A

polyandry

91
Q

what is generally true of two sibling species

A

they shared a common ancestor recently in evolutionary time

92
Q

altruism is

A

actions of an animal that immediately benefit others rather than itself

93
Q

altruistic behaviors between closely related animals are selected for because they

A

increase the frequency of the altruistic individual’s genes in the next generation

94
Q

in bees an ants, which of the following is true with respect to the probable fraction of shared genes

A

a female is more closely related to her sisters than to her mother

95
Q

organisms may behave altruistically to non-relative if they

A

may receive similar cooperation in the future

96
Q

a mating system in which one organism of one sex mates with only one member of the opposite sex is called

A

monogamy

97
Q

true or false. inclusive fitness theory predicts that animals can recognize close relatives

A

true

98
Q

the most plausible explanation for an individual helping to feed other offspring of its parents is

A

kin selection

99
Q

for a game to be a prisoner’s dilemma, where S = sucker’s payoff, R = reward for mutual cooperation, P = punishment for mutual defection, and T = temptation to cheat, the payoffs must be ordered as

A

T > R > P > S

100
Q

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the tit-for-tat rule

A

players using the tit-for-tat strategy remember three moves back

101
Q

studies conducted by Naomi pierce and her colleagues on the relationship between the imperial blue butterfly and the ant demonstrated

A

all of the above

102
Q

byproduct mutualism (BM), differs from reciprocity (REC) in which of the following ways

A

in BM, but not REC, there is no temptation to cheat, nor do individuals have to keep track of their partners behavior

103
Q

which of the following statements about group selection is FALSE

A

between-group selection favors cooperation in kin groups but favors selfish phenotypes in non-kin groups

104
Q

what is the “dilemma” in the prisoner’s dilemma game

A

it pays each individual to cheat every time, but mutual defection is more costly than mutual cooperation

105
Q

which of the following statements does NOT apply to the communal web building systems of spiders

A

sociality evolved just once in these spiders

106
Q

when coalitions exist for long periods of time, they are referred to as

A

alliances

107
Q

phylogenetic analyses allow us to examine whether cooperative behavior

A

can be explained by common ancestry rather than independent

108
Q

which of the following factor(s) does not generate new variation in a population

A

heritability

109
Q

the three foundations of ethology are

A

endocrinology, developmental biology, and natural selection

110
Q

which of the following statement(s) are not true

A

learning and natural selection operate independently

111
Q

conceptual approaches to ethology involve

A

combining ideas from different subdisciplines in a novel way to generate new sets of predictions about animal behavior

112
Q

which of the following best characterizes eusocial naked mole rats

A

overlapping generations, high relatedness, and reproductive division of labor

113
Q

alleles are defined as

A

alternative forms or variants of the same gene

114
Q

natural selection is best described as a process by which

A

the frequency of traits that confer reproductive and/or survival success and are passed on from one generation to the next increases over evolutionary time

115
Q

heritability analysis measures the proportion of variance in a trait attributable to

A

that portion of genetic variance accessible to natural selection

116
Q

which of the following is required for a behavioral trait

A

an individual reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed

117
Q

a female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats’ response to the female’s urinating behavior

A

male cats respond to the odor because it is a means of locating females in heat

118
Q

individual learning and cultural transmission differ in which of the following ways

A

individual learning does not permit the transmission of information across generations, while cultural transmission does

119
Q

this is the term used to describe behavior that involves the loss of a response due to a stimulus that has little or no value to an organism

A

habituation

120
Q

genetic recombination

A

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during cell division

121
Q

xenophobia is defined as the

A

fear of unknown individuals from outside one’s group

122
Q

which of the following best describes the empirical approach to ethology

A

observe animal behavior in a natural setting to uncover interesting trends and use controls or manipulations to determine causality

123
Q

which of the following is not required for natural selection to operate

A

all alleles in the population must be dominant alleles

124
Q

which of these could be an answer to a survival value? females are choosy because

A

they must invest heavily in the offspring they produce

125
Q
A

animal behavior (5 decks)

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