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animal behavior > chp 8: mating system > Flashcards

chp 8: mating system Flashcards

1
Q

the term mating system is used to describe

A

the ways in which animal societies are structured in relation to sexual behavior

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2
Q

the mating system specifies

A

whom males mate with and under what circumstances

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3
Q

who dictates the mating system

A

politics, religions, and the culture

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4
Q

mating behavior and mate choice play a major role in determining

A

reproductive success

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5
Q

mating behavior includes

A

seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates, competing for mates, and caring for offspring

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6
Q

what does promiscuous mating mean

A

mating with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships

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7
Q

what does monogamous mating mean

A

one male mates with one female

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8
Q

males and females with monogamous mating systems have similar

A

external morphologies

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9
Q

polyandry

A

for male: share one female
for female: sole access to several males

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10
Q

monogamy

A

for male: sole access to one female
for female: sole access to one male

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11
Q

polygyandry

A

for male: share several females
for female: share several males

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12
Q

polygyny

A

for male: sole access to several females
for female: share one male

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13
Q

mating systems are important to understand because

A

they reflect the result of natural selection on
1) mate choice
2) strategies for maximizing individual reproductive success

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14
Q

monogamous mating systems

A

1) one male, one female for life span of the individual (very rare)
2) one male, one female per breeding season

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15
Q

serial monogamy

A

one male, one female per breeding season

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16
Q

which monogamy system is most common

A

serial monogamy

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17
Q

monogamous mating in animal was designed for

A

one mating season

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18
Q

monogamous mating in animal is relatively rare in

A

large, conspicuous, daytime species

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19
Q

monogamous mating in animals is common in

A

smaller diurnal species

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20
Q

example of smaller diurnal species with monogamous mating

A

old-field mouse

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21
Q

in lifetime monogamy, what percent of the offspring in a family group were fathered by the male in their burrow

A

90%

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22
Q

polygamous mating system include

A

polygyny and polyandry

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23
Q

advantage of polygamous mating system

A

it increases the variance in reproductive success in the sex that has more than one mate per season

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24
Q

disadvantage of polygamous mating system

A

reproductive success is not equally distributed within male species and between both species

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25
Q

species with polygamous mating systems are usually

A

sexually dimorphic

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26
Q

sexually dimorphic

A

males and females have different external morphologies

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27
Q

in polygyny the males are

A

usually showier and larger than the females (for protection)

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28
Q

in polyandry the females are

A

more showy than the males

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29
Q

what is an important factor that constrains evolution of mating systems

A

needs of the young

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30
Q

an example where a male maximizes his reproductive success by staying with his mate and caring for his chicks (monogamy)

A

bird species where chicks need a continuous supply of food

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31
Q

an example where a male maximizes his reproductive success by seeking additional mates (polgyny)

A

bird species where chicks are soon able to feed and care for themselves

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32
Q

what influences parental care and mating behavior

A

certainty of paternity

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32
Q

what is certainty of paternity

A

females can be certain that eggs laid or young born contain her genes

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33
Q

what does paternal certainty depend on

A

mating behavior

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34
Q

in species with internal fertilization, paternal certainty is

A

relatively low (because mating and birth are separated over time)

35
Q

males are monogamous when

A

there is a significant fitness advantage/benefit or when resources are relatively scarce

36
Q

advantage of monogamy for males

A

male fitness may be highest when they are providing male assistance/care

37
Q

certainty of paternity is what when egg laying and mating occur together (external fertilization

A

much higher

38
Q

what is the proximate cause behind monogamy

A

accumulation of neurochemical (dopamine) in the brain area (nucleus accumbens (rostal shell)) and the binfing of the D1 (agression) or D2 (friendly) to Dopamine causes different behaviors

39
Q

how does one male control many females

A

1) may hold critical resources (resource defense)
2) females may aggregate making them easily defensible (female defense)
3) female may pick male from group of males based on display (male dominance)

40
Q

example of female defense polygyny

A

australian wasp (epsilon)

41
Q

characteristics associated with female defense polygyny

A

1) males mature earlier than females (and start looking for where mates will emerge)
2) females have low productivity (so they can receive sperm) and live short lives
3) females mate shortly after becoming adult
4) females grouped close together in space

42
Q

is polyandry common

A

no it is not that common

43
Q

what are the theories of the conditions that led to polyandry

A

1) limited resources (so females desert their young and look for more mates)
2) abundant resources and mate availability
3) availability of additional males led to female desertion

44
Q

two forms of polyandry

A

cooperative polyandry and resource defense polyandry

45
Q

cooperative polyandry

A

many males defend a female’s territory
1) all males mate an equal number of times with the female

46
Q

what jobs do males help with in cooperative polyandry

A

aid in incubating the eggs, help defend the group’s territory, feed the female and chicks

47
Q

resource defense polyandry

A

females defend resources that are needed by males

48
Q

what distinguishes cooperative polyandry from normal polyandry

A

cooperative form is more egalitarian (equality)
in normal polyandry there can be an alpha male the mates more often with female than a beta male

49
Q

the forms of polyandry have two different types

A

simultaneous or sequential

50
Q

simultaneous polyandry

A

females mate with two or more males at the same time

51
Q

sequential polyandry

A

female mates with one male, and then leaves him to mate with another

52
Q

older females are more likely to be

A

simultaneously polyandrous, indicating that might be a more successful strategy

53
Q

benefits of polyandrous mating

A

1) sperm replenishment
2) material benefits
3) genetic benefits
4) convenience

54
Q

disadvantage of polyandry

A

greater within-group conflict, lack of genetic interest, more competition for greater representation in the next generation

55
Q

what determines the form of polygamy

A

incentive, parental care costs, opportunity, sex ratio

55
Q

incentive

A

the type of polygamy will depend on who (which parent) has the greatest incentive to desert the young
(benefits males more to desert which is why polygyny is more common)

56
Q

parental care costs

A

these costs include: simple energetic needs, the risk of survival, or even the cost of losing future reproductive opportunities

57
Q

how is parental cost measured

A

in terms of the number of offspring an individual gets into the next generation if they stay vs. the number they would produce if they desert

58
Q

opportunity

A

males have better chance to desert because eggs must be laid one at a time and it can take several days for a clutch to be laid

59
Q

sex ratio

A

in general if you are a member of the limiting (rarer) sex, then it makes more sense to desert. if you are the common sex you will invest in offspring that you already have

60
Q

another name for polygyny and polyandry occuring in the same population

A

promiscuous

61
Q

what are the health risks for a female in a promiscuous mating system

A

sperm are vectors of diseases and disease-causing agents from male and female genitalia hitch a ride on sperm tails and work their way to the uterus

62
Q

how is disease from sperm taken care of

A

menstruation

63
Q

menstruation hypothesis was developed by who

A

margie profet

64
Q

menstruation hypothesis

A

menstruation is a defense that has evolved in females to rid the female reproductive tract of pathogens carried in by sperm

65
Q

where should menstruation be common

A

in breeding systems where females engage in sexual activity with many partners

66
Q

factor that influence animals into polygyny

A

if resources are sufficiently abundant, patchy, or both

67
Q

depending on the resource distribution it may pay an individual to choose to mate with

A

an already mated bird with a great territory than to choose monogamy with a bird in a poor territory

68
Q

if females track resources and males track females, them the mating system in a population is tied to

A

the distribution of resources

69
Q

females track

A

resources

70
Q

males track

A

females

71
Q

under which condition will a mating system move from monogamy to polygamy

A

polygyny threshold model

72
Q

a female’s decision to occupy a certain territory depends on

A

the territory quality NOT number of females present

73
Q

surreptitious promiscuity

A

mating beyond the pair (extra pair copulation)

74
Q

the occurrence of extra pair copulations has

A

led ethnologist to consider the difference between social and genetic monogamy

75
Q

social pair bonding

A

individuals establish a pair bond with one partner but mate with multiple partners during the breeding season (open relationship)

76
Q

how do we know which offspring came from EPC

A

genetic analyses such as DNA fingerprinting techniques

77
Q

sperm competition

A

in some promiscuous mating systems, males compete not only for access to mates but directly for eggs

78
Q

competition can also occur after

A

a female has mated with several males

79
Q

what leads to competition over access to fertilize eggs

A

females storing sperm from numerous mating

80
Q

how does sperm compete

A

sperm size, testes size, sperm shape, time of copulation, sperm velocity

81
Q

in cases where sperm competes, selection can operate how on carious attributes associated with sperm competition

A

directly

82
Q

cryptic mate choice

A

a procedure wherein females mate with many males but decide specifically which male’s sperm will be the one to fertilize their eggs (hide choice from males)

83
Q

how does cryptic mate choice affect mate preference in females

A

this procedure permits females more control over mate preference

animal behavior (5 decks)

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