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animal behavior > chp 9: kinship/ relatedness > Flashcards

chp 9: kinship/ relatedness Flashcards

1
Q

who tested genetic relatedness through alarm calls in Belding’s ground squirrels

A

paul sherman

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2
Q

what did paul sherman find

A

genetic relatedness plays an important role in how natural selection favors squirrels emitting alarm calls when a predator is detected

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3
Q

who gave more calls

A

adult females then 1-year females then juvenile females

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4
Q

why do females give alarm calls so often

A

due to gender differences in migration and proximity to genetic kin

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5
Q

in belding’s ground squirrels how do males mate

A

emigrate from their group to find mates

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6
Q

in belding’s ground squirrels how do females mate

A

they live their entire lives in their natal area (place of birth)

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7
Q

who is closer to their genetic relatives in belding’s ground squirrels

A

females

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8
Q

when females do move away from natal groups does their alarm calls increase or decrease

A

decrease

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9
Q

what is kinship

A

relationship through common characteristics or a common origin (connection)

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10
Q

what is a common leading factor to social behavior

A

cooperation among relatives

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11
Q

who offered evolutionary explanations about inclusive fitness theory through kin selection

A

maynard smith and hamilton

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12
Q

kin selection

A

1) is the process by which traits are favored because of their beneficial effects on the survival of relatives
2) type of natural selection in which an individual attempts to ensure the survival of its own genes by protecting closely related individuals

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13
Q

why is a trait being favored?

A

because kin share genes and these genes produce behaviors that increase the reproductive success of relatives those genes will in turn be represented increasingly

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14
Q

natural selection favors what kind of gene

A

a gene that is responsible for behavior that maximizes an individual’s survival and reproduction (regardless of its effect on other individuals)

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15
Q

what does kin selection theory predict

A

all other things equal, individuals will be more likely to favor kin than non kin, and close kin more than distant kin

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16
Q

what accounts for most altruistic social behavior

A

relatedness and inclusive fitness

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17
Q

altruism or selflessness

A

when an animal behaves in a way that reduces their individual fitness but increases the fitness of others

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18
Q

altruism can be explained by

A

inclusive fitness

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19
Q

inclusive fitness

A

the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

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20
Q

examples of animals with altruistic behaviors

A

belding’s ground squirrels = alarm call
african bee-eaters, scrub jays = cooperative breeding
bees and other hymenopterous insects
mole rats of asia

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21
Q

random house define kinship as

A

“family relationship” or relatedness

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22
Q

evolutionary definition of kinship

A

probability that individuals share genes that they have inherited from common ancestors

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23
Q

genes shared through common ancestor is referred to as

A

“indentical by descent”

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24
Q

relatedness is labeled

A

r

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25
Q

relatedness

A

the probability that two individuals share genes that are identical by descent

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26
Q

in sexually reproductive organisms, sibling relatedness value is

A

0.5

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27
Q

r in parent to child or siblings

A

0.5

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28
Q

r in grandparent to grandchild

A

0.25

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29
Q

r in uncle to nieces or nephew to cousins

A

0.125

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30
Q

what type of measure did hamilton propose for predicting when natural selection would favor altruistic acts amoung related individuals

A

quantitative (aE1rb)-c>0

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31
Q

b

A

the benefit that other receive from the trait/gene (safety when call is made)

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32
Q

c

A

the cost accrued to the individual expressing the trait (danger of being killed)

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33
Q

r

A

probability of relatedness (closeness among the group)

34
Q

a

A

how many individuals affected by the trait

35
Q

3 key variables in an altruistic act

A

1) benefit to the recipient (favors)
2) cost to the altruist
3) coefficient of relatedness

36
Q

coefficient of relatedness

A

the probability that if two individuals hare a parent or ancestor, a gene in one individual will also be present in the second

37
Q

when relatedness (r) is high, then

A

rb is > than c

38
Q

as A increases, the natural selection for the trait is

A

more favored

39
Q

when does natural selection favor altruism

A

when the benefit to the recipient multiplied by the coefficient of relatedness exceeds the cost to the altruist rb>C

40
Q

the inequality is called

A

hamilton’s rule

41
Q

disadvantage of hamilton’s rule

A

benefit (b) and cost (c) are difficult to measure in nature

42
Q

who reformulated hamilton’s rule

A

jerram brown

43
Q

brown’s “offspring rule” solved both problems by using what as the currency to measure

A

offspring

44
Q

offspring rule

A

provides a means to estimate fitness benefits and costs of assisting kin

45
Q

helping kin increases or decreases the number of fledglings

A

increases

46
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals which can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future

47
Q

who developed an evolutionary theory to of the family

A

steve emlen

48
Q

steve emlen’s theory tests

A

specific predictions regarding the formation, stability, and social dynamics of biology

49
Q

what are the building blocks for steve emlen’s theory

A

1) kin selection
2) ecological constraints theory
3) reproductive skew theory

50
Q

ecological constraints theory

A

examines distribution of mature offspring

51
Q

reproductive skew theory

A

examines how reproduction is divided among potential breeders by predicting conditions that should favor conflict or cooperation over breeding decisions

52
Q

family dynamics prediction 1

A

family dynamics will be unstable, disintegrating when acceptable reproductive opportunities materialize elsewhere

53
Q

example of prediction 1

A

super fairy wren = male siblings help raise young but leave nest when time to mate
humans = leave home when time to mate or marry

54
Q

family dynamics prediction 2

A

family stability will be greatest in those groups controlling high-quality resources

55
Q

example of prediction 2

A

humans = kids will leave home when there is diminishing resources (space) but stay when the resources are abundant (food). Trump, bush, and kennedy can bass down those dynasties and they are very tight knit

56
Q

family dynamics prediction 4

A

assistance in rearing offspring (cooperative breeding) will be expressed to the greastest extent between those family members that are closest genetic relatives

57
Q

under hamilton’s rule, when genetic relatedness is high coefficient of relatedness value

A

increases interaction between individuals and the more likely they are to help one another which affects distribution of assistance

58
Q

in haplodiploid genetic systems who is haploid and who is diploid

A

males = haploid
females = diploid

59
Q

in haplodiploid genetic systems

A
  • sisters are more related by coefficient relatedness of .75 more than their own offspring
  • sisters inherit exactly the same gens from their father (100%)
  • females go to sundial length to defend a hive full of their sisters or kill their own offspring
60
Q

which insects have the best policing

A

vespula germanica and vespula vulgaris

61
Q

family dynamic prediction 9

A

replacement mates (step-parent) will invest less in existing offspring than biological parents

62
Q

infanticide

A

step parent may attempt to harm/kill their mate’s current offspring since they are not related by blood and they drain resources with no kin based benefits

63
Q

example of infanticide

A

avian = step parents destroy clutches containing potential stepchildren
humans = step children suffer child abuse at a higher rate and leave home significantly earlier than children from biologically intact family

64
Q

family dynamic prediction 13

A

reproduction with a family will become increasingly shared as the unevenness in social dominance between potential co-breeders decreases

65
Q

what is used to make prediction 13

A

optimal skew

66
Q

optimal skew model

A

a family of models that predicts the distribution of breeding within a group, as well as the degree of cooperation or conflict over reproductive activities

67
Q

when does prediction 13 usually take place

A

in a situation where a male has to fight for the opportunity to mate a female

68
Q

fighting is more dangerous between

A

equally matched individuals
- stronger male will compromise with peace gift or sharing mating opportunity

69
Q

example of this cooperative breeding

A

humans = marriage in tibet where females marry pairs of brothers

70
Q

social behavior evolved from

A

sharing the same gene and trying to keep that gene preserved

71
Q

parent-offspring conflict (zone of disagreement)

A

a zone of conflict between how much a given offspring wants in terms of parental resources and how much a parent is willing to give

72
Q

why do females provide more aid

A

because they carry the fetus they know that the offspring is their own

73
Q

parental aid to current offspring should not

A

kill or severely hamper future reproductive possibilities of the parents

74
Q

example of parent-offspring conflict

A

1) weaning = mothers reduce aid while each current brood thinks they deserve the aid more than the others
2) sex ratio = female workers control sex ratio by 3:1 since sisters are 3 times more closely related to the workers than brothers
3) in-utero conflicts = evolutionary conflict starts from selection genes during pregnancy (genes selected in fetus and mother have different interest). fetus genes want to pull nutrients while maternal genes want to limit transfer of excess nutrients
4) infanticide

75
Q

what happens if the queen dies and is replaced by one of her daughters

A

workers are equally related to the new queen’s sons and daughters and so they should favor a 1:1 sex ratio

76
Q

residual reproduction

A

when a female has more reproductive opportunities in her future

77
Q

factors in infanticide

A

age of the female and resource

78
Q

sibling rivalry

A

selected genes in individual look for the individual survival interest

79
Q

what causes sibling rivalry

A

scarce resources and harsh environment

80
Q

how can we tell if we are related

A

by using “internal template” that can be matched to others to gauge relatedness

81
Q

rule of thumb models

A

where kin groups are segregated from one another for a long period of time a second form of kin recognition is involved (if it lives in your nest/cave, treat it like kin)

animal behavior (5 decks)

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