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animal behavior > chp 10: cooperation > Flashcards

chp 10: cooperation Flashcards

1
Q

cooperation

A

an outcome from which two or more interacting individuals each receives a net benefit from their joint action despite potential costs

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2
Q

two usages of “to cooperate”

A

idea of achieving cooperation in a group setting
behavior of a member that brings about achievement

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3
Q

benefits of cooperation

A

1) access to food and water
2) protection-reduce aggression from other individuals stronger than you
3) tension reduction
4) coalition formation
5) acceptance (TEAM PLAYER)
6) mating

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4
Q

example of cooperation in animals

A

bats = help birthing process by feeding mother, get her into position, and keep her and the offspring warm

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5
Q

male-male alliances

A

multi-stallion harems = lower-ranking males form alliances normally between unrelated males close in age

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6
Q

allogrooming

A

where one individual grooms another

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7
Q

mutual grooming

A

horses = most common form is nibbling, while licking is uncommon

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8
Q

symbiotic relationship with birds

A

horses and other large mammals + birds = birds eat ectoparasites or ticks off the horse and the horse protects the bird

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9
Q

4 paths to cooperation

A

1) reciprocity (exchange of favors)
2) byproduct of mutualism (a relationship between two organisms that benefits both and harms neither)
3) kin selection
4) group selection

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10
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals (can be adaptive if the aided individual reciprocates the favor)

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11
Q

mathematical tool employed to model these paths

A

game theory

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12
Q

game theory

A

mathematical tool that is used when an individual receives payoff for undertaking an action

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13
Q

tool used in cooperation via reciprocity

A

prisoner’s dilemma (tit for tat)

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14
Q

prisoner’s dilemma game

A

each player can either cooperate or defect (used to get testimony from suspects)

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15
Q

what can make you defect or cooperate depends on

A

reward or punishment

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16
Q

what is more costly mutual defection or mutual cooperation

A

mutual defection

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17
Q

variables in the game (matrix)

A

T = temptation to cheat
R = reward for mutual cooperation
P = punishment for mutual defection
S = suckers (punishment for not defection

must = T>R>P>S

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18
Q

what is the dilemma in the game

A

success of unknown out come

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19
Q

evolution stable strategy

A

strategy or behavior that if used by almost everyone in a population will not decrease in frequency when new strategy arises

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20
Q

ESS people

A

axelrod and hamilton = if the probability of meeting a given partner in future was above some critical level, a conditionally cooperative strategy called TIT for TAT will be the best solution

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21
Q

TIT for TAT

A

a rule that instructs a player to cooperate on the initial encounter with a partner and to subsequently copy its partner’s previous move

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22
Q

3 fundamental characteristics

A

1) nice = never cheats or defect first
2) retaliatory =it always responds to a partner that is cheating by cheating
3) forgiving = it only remembers one move back in time and so is capable of forgiving

23
Q

who uses TFT

A

gruppies when they inspect predator =
T>R>P>S
T = payoff for cheating against cooperation (no punishment)
R = payoff to mutual cooperator (least punishment)
P = payoff to mutual cheaters (medium punishment)
S = payoff to a cooperator matched with a defector (highest punishment)

24
Q

if both gruppies inspect side by side the probability of both fish being eaten or not being eaten is

A

equal

25
Q

if one inspector is in front and the other is behind the probability of the trailing fish being eaten is

A

low and would receive a payoff of T

26
Q

T > R because

A

the benefit is the farther the fish to the predator the more they will feed because they will be less anxious

27
Q

R > P because

A

payoff for inspecting in a group is more (less danger) than when no one inspects (greater danger)

28
Q

P > S because

A

while it is dangerous for no one to inspect (P), it is more dangerous to be inspecting alone. single fish suffer high rate of predation

29
Q

another example of TFT

A

vampire bats sharing food

30
Q

3 lessons of the nice gesture

A

1) the probability of future interaction is high
2) the cost of being nice is less than not being nice
3) they remember each other and those that have been nice to them in the past

31
Q

results from the human prisoner’s dilemma game

A

the most emotionally rewarding payoff was that associated with mutual cooperation

32
Q

neuroeconomics

A

shed light on proximate aspects of human reciprocity by examining which parts of brain are associated with trust and how individuals respond to cheating by their partners in some economic game

33
Q

mutualism

A

by product of cooperation in which an individual pays an immediate cost or penalty for not acting cooperatively, such that the immediate net benefit of cooperation outweighs that of cheating

34
Q

what is the difference between byproduct mutualism and reciprocity

A

in byproduct mutualism there is no temptation to cheat nor do individuals have to keep track of their partner’s behavior

35
Q

example of byproduct mutualism

A

skinnerian blue jays = used P matrix (reciprocity) and M matrix (mutualism) to see the food rewards they received after pecking at cooperate or defect keys

36
Q

M matrix

A

no temptation to defect because each received equal reward and cooperating always fared better than defecting (that is 4>1, 1>0)

37
Q

P matrix

A

there was temptation to defect because each received high reward when defected. reciprocity failed to emerge as a stable solution

38
Q

what plays a role in the establishment of cooperation

A

learning

39
Q

another example of byproduct mutualism

A

house sparrows = is the call and whether the chirrup vocalization did in fact bring same species of birds to newly discovered food source and if so, under what condition

40
Q

first bird to arrive at a food patch was more likely to

A

produce a call that attracted other birds when resources were more divisible

41
Q

trait group selection model

A

a group in which all individuals affect one another’s fitness

42
Q

2 levels

A

1) within-group selection
2) between group selections

43
Q

within group selection

A

acts against cooperators and altruists, in cooperation and altruists setting since the individuals take on some cost that others do not

44
Q

what phenotypes are favored by within group

A

selfish phenotypes because they receive benefits without paying the cost

45
Q

between-group selection

A

favors cooperation if groups with more cooperators out produce other groups with fewer (such as producing more offspring and taking control of more land)

46
Q

polyadic interaction (coalition)

A

cooperation action taken by at least two individuals or groups against another individual or group

47
Q

alliance

A

when coalition exists for a long period of time

48
Q

coalition

A

an animal intervention in a dyadic, usually aggressive, interaction between other group members

49
Q

example of coalition

A

baboons and dolphins = in baboons coalitions are formed by males for mating a female

50
Q

what are the costs or benefits to the animal that is solicited into a coalition

A

the cost may be high from being wounded to death and the benefits may be reciprocal when the animal that is solicited into a coalition needs help

51
Q

phylogeny

A

an evolutionary history via common descent

52
Q

what explains the origin and the distribution of cooperative breeding in some modern groups of birds

A

common ancestry, rather than natural selection alone

53
Q

intraspecific mutualism/cooperation

A

cooperation among individuals within a particular species

54
Q

interspecific cooperation

A

cooperation between individuals from different species (mutualism)

animal behavior (5 decks)

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