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BIO Lecture > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tree of Life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes (2nd and 3rd share more recent common ancestor)

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2
Q

Eukaryotes are composed of…

A

Plants, fungi, and animals

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3
Q

It is populations that evolve not what?

A

Individuals

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4
Q

-Phylogeny of all life on earth

A

Tree of Life

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5
Q

L-U-C-A stands for…

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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6
Q

T/F: Darwin knew about DNA.

A

False

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7
Q

The environment plays a huge role in…

A

Natural Selection

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8
Q

Created the Scientific Theory of Evolution based upon natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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9
Q

“The Origin of Species”

A

Galapagos Islands 1835

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10
Q

Decent Modification

A

1859

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11
Q

Change in allele frequency

A

Modern

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12
Q

Unity of Life

A

All life on earth shares a common ancestor (but not just one cell)

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13
Q

From the common ancestor all forms of life have diverged over time (4 billion years)

A

Diversity of Life

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14
Q

Major mechanism of evolutionary change in which individuals best adapted to a particular environment can survive and reproduce better than others (they pass on their alleles while others do not)

A

Natural Selection

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15
Q

Inherited trait allows for greater survival and reproduction in a specific environment

A

Adaptation

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16
Q

Evidence supporting Darwin’s scientific theory of evolution

A
  1. Artificial Selection
  2. Fossils
  3. Biogeography
  4. Comparative anatomy
  5. Comparative Embryology
  6. Molecular biology (Darwin was not familiar with)
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17
Q

Humans do the selecting instead of nature
-Examples: domesticated plants and animals: dogs, broccoli, Darwin’s pigeons

A

Artificial Selection

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18
Q

Change in range=

A

change in environment

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19
Q

Where organisms are found (past and present)

A

Biogeography

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20
Q

Comparison of body structures (glyptodont and armadillo)

A

Comparative Anatomy

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21
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar structures in different species bc of common ancestry
-vestigial organs: chill bumps, wisdom teeth, whale limb bones (indication of evolutionary past)

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22
Q

Human vs. Chicken (both vertebrates)

A

Comparative Embryology

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23
Q

DNA and proteins (Darwin does not talk about this because he did not know about DNA)

A

Molecular biology

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24
Q

Need lots of … to survive and reproduce in a changing environment

A

Variation (things would go extinct without it)

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25
Q

Natural selection cannot cause change if there is no …

A

Variation

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26
Q

Variation produces diversity in …

A

Phenotype and Genotype

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27
Q

Sexual reproduction, production of gamates via meiosis; preserve variation by being diploid and heterozygous

A

Eukaryotes

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28
Q

Slurp up DNA from environment, get from a bacteriophage or swap into another bacterium

A

Prokaryotes

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29
Q

Endangered species have less variation which reduces … (best adapted to survive and reproduce)

A

Evolutionary fitness

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30
Q

Individuals of the same species in the same place and time

A

Population

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31
Q

All the genes in a population

A

Gene pool

32
Q

Small change in allele frequency in a gene pool

A

Microevolution

33
Q

Random/ adds new variation (Pro. and Euk.)

A

Mutation

34
Q

It is not random bc the environment is specific to the organism

A

Natural Selection
-Cannot create perfect organisms: limited by past, only edit existing variation, cannot predict how will interact with other forms of change and adaptions are compromises

35
Q

Movement of genes btw existing populations

A

Gene flow

36
Q

Keeping or losing alleles in a population due to chance

A

Genetic drift

37
Q

Chance event that drastically reduces population size (environmental disaster)

A

Bottleneck effect

38
Q

Colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals (more positive)

A

Founder effect

39
Q

Stabilizing selection (Human birth weight)

A

intermediate phenotypes

40
Q

Directional selection (adaptive traits; cliff swallows)

A

one end of a range of phenotypes

41
Q

Disruptive selection (African black-bellied Frenchies)

A

both extremes of a range of phenotypes

42
Q

Mules have how many csomes

A

63; cannot mate with themselves

43
Q

Macroevolution

A

large change; get new species, families, etc…

44
Q

Process where one species evolves into another (source of diversity)

A

Speciation

45
Q

Interbreed and produce fertile offspring

A

Biological species (sexual)

46
Q

shared ancestry

A

phylogenetic species (asexual)

47
Q

The 1700s set up binomial naming system and taxonomy (the science of naming)
-Capital geneous, species

A

Carolus Linnaeus

48
Q

Similarities btw some species and variation within a species can …

A

make defining species difficult

49
Q

… barriers keep biological species separate and prevent interbreeding (but can also lead to speciation)

A

Reproductive

50
Q

Prevent mating of fertilization

A

Prezygotic barriers
- temporal isolation-breed at different times
- habitat isolation-live in different parts of an ecosystem
- behavioral isolation-different mating behaviors
- mechanical isolation-plumbing does not match
- gametic isolation-gamates are not compatible and cannot fuse

51
Q

Prevent continued reproduction after mating

A
  • hybrid breakdown-weak hybrids can reproduce and make offspring
  • hybrid inviability-hybrid zygotes form but do not develop
  • hybrid sterility-hybrids develop but cannot reproduce (mules)
52
Q

Allopatric speciation (Darwin)

A

different location

53
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

in the same location

54
Q

Process in which one species gives rise to multiple species that use different parts of the environment
- often occurs during the colonization of a new area

A

adaptive radiation

55
Q

the slow accumulation of change

A

gradualism (Darwin)

56
Q

lots of change in a short amount of time followed by very little or no change

A

punctuated equilibrium

57
Q

origin of life on earth (scientific theory)
- beginning of life from non-living materials

A

abiogenesis

58
Q
  1. development of organic monomers from inorganic molecules (amino acids, etc…) (Miller-Urey experiment 1952)
  2. Formation of polymers from monomers: Amino Acids form proteins
  3. Membranes surrounded polymers abiotically generating the first “protocells” with a simple mechanism
  4. polymer replicating mechanism (needed to pass on to next generation)
A

Abiogenesis scientific theory

59
Q

RNA

A

act as both information molecule and enzyme

60
Q

self forming phospholipid spheres are not alive but can
- be selectively permeable
- grow and divide
-swell/shrink in response to the environment

A

coacervates

61
Q

Key events in the history of life on earth

A

cooling of the earth’s surface and the presence of water (key for life), radiometric dating

62
Q

dates of fossils/rocks determined by measuring decay of radioactive isotopes (half-life)

A

radiometric dating

63
Q

250 million years ago, great volcanic eruptions, lots of CO2, global warming, less mixing of ocean water, and less O2 for marine life

A

Permian

64
Q

65 million years ago, no more dinos, asteroids, and climate change

A

cretaceous

65
Q

Prokaryotes

A

3.5 billion years ago

66
Q

Oxygen

A

2.7 billion years ago

67
Q

Eukaryotes

A

1.9 billion years ago

68
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes

A

1.3 billion years ago

69
Q

Animals

A

700 million years ago

70
Q

colonization of land

A

500 million years ago-present

71
Q

Continental drift played a major role in…

A

macroevolution
- altered habitats and triggered extinctions
- changed disruption of organisms- biogeography
- impacted diversification

72
Q

Evolution is not goal-directed but reflects unequal speciation to unequal survival

A
73
Q
  1. Change in the rate or timing of gene expression
  2. feature becomes more complex
  3. change in function of an existing structure
A

changes that often occur in the evolution of new species or new groups

74
Q

field of evolutionary biology that studies taxonomy and phylogeny

A

systematics

75
Q

evolutionary history of a group of organisms based on homologous characters due to common ancestry

A

phylogeny

76
Q

must remove analogous features due to…

A

convergent evolution: similar features due to similar environment, not common ancestry and evolve after separation from common ancestry

77
Q

a diagram that is a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

A

phylogenetic tree

BIO Lecture (4 decks)

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