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BIO Lecture > BIO Exam #2 > Flashcards

BIO Exam #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 layers of phospholipids (main) and various proteins

A

Membranes

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2
Q

Selectively permeable

A

In and out

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3
Q

Surround all living cells and organize cell functions inside Eukaryotic cells

A

Membranes

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4
Q

Catalyze reactions inside or outside the cell at the membrane surface

A

Enzyme

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5
Q

AC; connects the inside of the cell to the outside by attaching ECM to the cytoskeleton, responds to changes inside/outside the cell, and supports the cell

A

Attachment Proteins

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6
Q

bind to signal molecules from other cells and relay message to inside of cell

A

Receptor Proteins

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7
Q

A) Channel protein-always open and allow small molecules to move in and out of the cell
B) Active transport proteins involved in active transport of specific molecules in and out of the cell

A

Transport Protein

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8
Q

AC only; gap junctions, anchoring junctions, and tight junctions

A

Junction Proteins

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9
Q

Cell ID

A

Glycoproteins

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10
Q

Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (concentration gradient)

A

Passive Transport

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11
Q

No Energy Required

A

Passive Transport

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12
Q

2 Kinds
Diffusion=O2/C)2 out
Facilitated Diffusion=uses a channel protein, Aquaporins

A

Passive Transport

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13
Q

Diffusion of water across a membrane

A

Osmosis

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14
Q

Hypertonic Solutions

A

More solute/less water

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15
Q

Hypotonic Solutions

A

Less solute/more water

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16
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

Equal amount of solute and water

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17
Q

All cells have…

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Animal cells do best in a…

A

Isotonic Solution

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19
Q

Plant cells do best in a…

A

Hypotonic Solution

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20
Q

Water always goes from a…

A

Hypotonic to a Hypertonic solution

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21
Q

Burst=

A

Lysis

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22
Q

Shrink=

A

Plasmolysis

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23
Q
  1. Requires energy (ATP)
  2. Requires an active transport protein
  3. Moves molecules against the concentration gradient for LOW to HIGH
A

Active Transport

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24
Q

Moving large molecules…

A

Eukaryotic; polymers like proteins/polysaccharides across a membrane

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25
Q

Endocytosis

A

IN

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26
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Amoeba/WBC

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27
Q

Receptor

A

Mediated endocytosis; cholesterol LDL in blood

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28
Q

Exocytosis

A

OUT

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29
Q

Living organisms need … to function and get energy by doing …

A

Energy; energy transformations

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30
Q

Energy of motion; light, heat

A

Kinetic

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31
Q

Stored energy; chemicals
-contained in matter due to structure/location

A

Potential

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32
Q

Chemical reactions can either … or …

A

Release energy (exergonic); store energy (endergonic)

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33
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Exergonic

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34
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endergonic

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35
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Adding a phosphate group to a molecule
ATP-nucleotide

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36
Q

Law of Thermodynamics 1st Law

A

Energy is never created or destroyed only transformed

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37
Q

Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law

A

Everytime energy is transformed some is converted into heat and released (generated entropy or disorder)

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38
Q

All the chemical reactions inside a cell

A

Metabolism

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39
Q

Biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living cell by lowering the activation energy required

A

Enzyme

40
Q

Enzymes…

A

Most are proteins but some are RNA

41
Q

Catalytic cycle

A

E+S-ES-E+P

42
Q

Enzymes can carry out the same reaction how many times?

A

Around 500-1000

43
Q

What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?

A

Environment (temp, pH, ion, concentration)
Chemical inhibitors
Chemical Activators

44
Q

Chemical Inhibitors

A

Lower activity (drugs/poisons)
competitive vs. noncompetitive

45
Q

Chemical Activators

A

Increase activity
cofactors (nonorganic, iron) and coenzymes (organic, vitamins)

46
Q

Allosteric site

A

Important for regulation

47
Q

Cyanide

A

Poisonous

48
Q

Reactant

A

Substrate

49
Q

Living organisms exchange chemicals and energy with the …

A

Environment

50
Q

Reactants of one in CR are the … of the other

A

Products
study diagram and above in notes

51
Q

Muscle cells carry out…

A

Cellular respiration

52
Q

Glucose + O2

A

CO2 + H2O+ ATP

53
Q

Redox reactions always happen …

A

Together
study chemical formula for cellular respiration in notes

54
Q

Mitochondria has …

A

Outer membrane and inner membrane, intermembrane and matrix

55
Q

Inner Membrane

A

Folds (cristae), more surface area

56
Q

Intermembrane

A

Space btw outer and inner membrane

57
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Fluid-filled space, cellular respiration

58
Q

Aerobic

A

Oxygen required

59
Q

Anaerobic

A

No oxygen required

60
Q

Step 1: Glycolysis

A
  • Cytoplasm (not in mitochondria yet)
  • 6C Glucose - 2 molecules of 3C Pyruvate (2), ATP(2), NADH(2)
  • Pyruvate/ NADH then go into mitochondria
  • GLucose into pyruvate
61
Q

NADH

A

Electron carrier

62
Q

Step 2: Oxidation of Pyruvate

A

3 steps
1. Lose 1 carbon from pyruvate as CO2 gas
2. Transfer released e- to NAD+ to make NADH
3. Attach the last 2 carbons of pyruvate to coenzyme A to make Acetyl CO-A

63
Q

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

A

(Krbe’s Cycle, TCA Cycle)
- Acetyl COA drops off the last 2 carbons of pyruvate to finish breaking down glucose
- 9 reactions
-Produces CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 (electron carrier)
-Done breaking down glucose (6 carbon atoms)

64
Q

Step 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation (last step)

A
  • makes the most ATP (32) using an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
  • ETC uses energy from e- from NADH/FADH2 to move H+ ions across the membrane from low to high
65
Q

Lipids

A

Nonpolar

66
Q

Eukaryotic cells tend to make less…

A

ATP

67
Q

Fermentation makes ATP w/o …

A

Oxygen

68
Q

Fermentation

A
  • organic molecule used instead of O2 to take up e-
  • only glycolysis
  • 2 ATP per glucose
69
Q

Alcoholic

A

Turns pyruvate (replacement for oxygen) into ethanol and CO2 (breaks of 1st)
Bacterial yeast, bread/drink

70
Q

Lactic Acid

A

Turns pyruvate (replacement for oxygen) into lactic acid (bacteria can do this)
Muscle cells during exercise

71
Q

Both alcoholic and lactic acid start with …

A

Glycolysis

72
Q

Cells break down carbs, fate, and proteins in CR to make what?

A

ATP

73
Q

Cells then use ATP to …

A

Biosynthesis (make things they need like carbs/fats/proteins/new cells/tissues)

74
Q

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (mainly glucose)

A

Photosynthesis

74
Q

Who is photosynthesis carried out by?

A

Photoautotrophs (self-feeds by light energy)

74
Q

Which one group can do photosynthesis?

A

Producers

75
Q

Autotrophs (producers)-

A

Make their own food

76
Q

Photoautotrophs-

A

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (Anabaena)
- Carbon source: CO2
- Energy source: Light

77
Q

Chemoautotrophs-

A

Bacteria
-Carbon Source: CO2
- Energy Source: Chemical

78
Q

Heterotrophs (consumers and decomposer)-

A

Cannot make their own food

79
Q

Photoheterotrophs-

A

Bacteria
- Carbon Source: Organic Compounds
- Energy Source: Light

80
Q

Chemoheterotrophs-

A

Bacteria, animals, some plants (Amoeba Paramecium), fungi, protists
- Carbon Source: Organic Compounds
- Energy Source: Chemical

81
Q

Allows for gas exchange (leaves0, CO2 and O2 are going in and out (O2 out, Co2 in)

A

Stoma

82
Q

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs in photoautotrophic eukaryotes (algae, plants)

A

Chloroplast

83
Q

Chloroplast is made of what three things?

A

Stroma, thylakoid membrane (folds, more SA, granum), and thylakoid space

84
Q

Pigments absorb wavelengths (colors) of … light

A

Visible (white)

85
Q

Chlorophyll a-

A

-In the thylakoid membrane
Blue, violet, and red (visible light spectrum)

86
Q

Chlorophyll b-

A

-In the thylakoid membrane
Accessory pigment, yellow/orange

87
Q

Protective pigment

A

Carotenoids
- Sunscreen (orange)

88
Q

What we see is…

A

Wavelengths of visible light not absorbed

89
Q

Plants

A

Green bc green wavelengths are reflected

90
Q

Stroma

A

Space on the inside of chloroplast

91
Q

Wavelengths are composed of balls of energy called …

A

Photons

92
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis:

A

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

93
Q

Convert light energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH), water is split (oxidized) and O2 released as a waste product

A

Light Reactions (products into Calvin Cycle)

94
Q

Puts CO2 molecules together using ATP and NADPH from light reactions to make sugar (glucose)

A

Calvin Cycle

95
Q
A

BIO Lecture (4 decks)

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