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BIO Lecture > BIO Exam #3 > Flashcards

BIO Exam #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

-2 different parents: sperm and egg
-Offspring are genetically different from the parent

A

Sexual Reproduction

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2
Q

Ameoba is a…

A

Protist and eukaryote…clone themselves, and identical copy

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3
Q

-1parent
-Offspring are genetically identical to the parent

A

Asexual Reproduction

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4
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by…

A

Binary fission

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5
Q

Prokaryotes only have one circular what?

A

Chromosome

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cell division has how many stages?

A

2

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7
Q

Nuclear Division

A

Mitosis-asexual
Meiosis-sexual

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8
Q

Cell Division=Cytokinesis

A

Animal- cleavage
Plants-cell plate

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9
Q

2n=

A

46 chromosomes

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10
Q

2n=diploid cell

A

2 copies of each chromosome
-Homologous pair
-Same csome from each parent

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11
Q

n=

A

23 (sperm, egg)

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12
Q

n=haploid cell

A

A single copy of each chromosome

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13
Q

Chromosomes are composed of…

A

DNA and protein

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14
Q

Cell cycle

A

controlled by proteins (growth factors)

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15
Q

Five phases of cell division…

A

Interphase, G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

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16
Q

Most cells are in what most of the time?

A

Interphase

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17
Q

G1

A

1st growth phase

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18
Q

S

A

DNA replication, sister chromatids

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19
Q

G2

A

2nd growth phase, getting ready to divide

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20
Q

Gamates only purpose is for…

A

Meiosis

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21
Q

Functions of mitosis (when a cell divides normally)…

A

Growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction

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22
Q

1st way we get genetic variation through meiosis:

A

each csome of homologous pair is a little different due to crossing over and potentially having different alleles of genes

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23
Q

2nd way we get genetic variation through meiosis:

A

random arrangements of chromosome pairs at metaphase 1 of meiosis create many different chromatins

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24
Q

3rd way we get genetic variation through meiosis:

A

random fertilization of eggs by sperm
-64 trillion possible combos

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25
Q

Nondisjunction in meiosis can cause…

A

abnormal chromosome count
-failure of homologous pairs to separate during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids during meiosis 2

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26
Q

Down syndrome (nondisjunction) is caused by…

A

Trisomy 21
-an extra copy of csome 21
-risk goes up as the mother gets older

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27
Q

Autosomes

A

all non-sex chromosomes

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28
Q

1-22 chromosomes are…

A

autosomes
-1 pair of sex chromosomes are X/Y

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29
Q

Nondisjunction of sex csomes can cause…

A

some mental/physical problems but survival is not usually affected

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30
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

XXY (male)

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31
Q

Turners

A

XO (female)

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32
Q

Normal human

A

XXX or XYY

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33
Q

Gamates only purpose is for…

A

meiosis

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34
Q

Change in chromosome structure can lead to…

A

cancer and genetic disorders
-breakage during crossing-over and copy errors during the S phase

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35
Q

Genetic disorders

A

if occurs in gametes can lead to inheritable disorders

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36
Q

Cancer occurs in…

A

somatic cell (non-sex cell)

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37
Q

Traits unchanged from generation to generation

A

True breeding/purebred

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38
Q

unit of hereditary info consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides encoding for a specific protein

A

gene

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39
Q

Different versions of a gene

A

allele

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40
Q

All of an individual alleles/genes

A

genotype

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41
Q

the physical appearance produced by your genes and environment

A

phenotype

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42
Q

Mendels cross

A

sexual reproduction

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43
Q

P=

A

dominant allele-gets expressed

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44
Q

p=

A

recessive allele-masked by dominant

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45
Q

PP-

A

homozygous (same dominant)

46
Q

Pp-

A

heterozygous (different)

47
Q

pp-

A

homozygous (same recessive)

48
Q

offspring of 2 different purebred parents

A

hybrid

49
Q

p generation-

A

parent

50
Q

hybrid offspring produced by parent gen

A

F1

51
Q

offspring of F1

A

F2

52
Q

Law of segregation
- alleles of a single gene separate from each other and remain separate by meiosis
-heterozygotes
-monohybrids

A

Mendel 1st Law of Heredity

53
Q

monohybrids

A

one trait, 2 alleles (dominant and recessive, cross, produced by one gene)

54
Q

Law of independent assortment
-multiple genes on different comes to assort independently of one another in meiosis
-dihybrids

A

Mendel 2nd law of heredity

55
Q

dihybrids

A

2 trits, 4 alleles (cross)

56
Q

pedigree diagram

A

determine the pattern of inheritance

57
Q

dominant autosomal (non-sex csomes) disorders (1 mutated allele)

A

Huntington’s, achondroplasia, one type of hypercholesteremia

58
Q

recessive autosomal disorders (2 mutated alleles)

A

cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, PKU

59
Q

Autosomal disorders are caused by a…

A

mutation in a single gene

60
Q

most human genetic disorders are…

A

recessive and remain because of carriers

61
Q

fewer dominant disorders

A

most kill you bf you can reproduce

62
Q

heterozygotes have mixed phenotypes

A

incomplete dominance (non mendelian genetics)

63
Q

each dominant allele is equally expressed and see phenotypes of both parents

A

codominance (non mendelian)

64
Q

blood type

A

3 alleles

65
Q

dominant blood

A

IB, IA

66
Q

recessive blood

A

i (no sugars)

67
Q

one gene produces more than 2 possible phenotypes (more than just dom/rec)

Example: sickle cell anemia-symptoms=many phenotypes

A

pleiotropy (non-mendelian)

68
Q

single that may be influenced by many genes
- range of phenotypes-human skin color and height
- both are also affected by the environment (same as cancer)

A

polygenic inheritance (non-mendelian)

69
Q

Mendel’s laws, what year?

A

1865

70
Q

chromosomal theory of inheritance, what year?

A

1902

71
Q

genes assort independently bc csomes…

A

assort independently in meiosis

72
Q

sex chromosomes determine … in many species

A

sex

73
Q

mammals

A

male- XY
female-XX

74
Q

need what to make testes…

A

y

75
Q

sex-linked genes

A

all genes in sex chromosomes
(some genes are necessary to determine sex but also carry genes for other traits)

76
Q

most sex-linked disorders in humans are…

A

recessive and seen mainly in males

77
Q

X csome in humans-

A

source of mainly sex-linked disorders
Ex. hemophilia and colorblindness

78
Q

a male receiving a single x-linked allele from his mother…

A

will have the disorder

79
Q

T(A) is replaced with what in rna

A

U

80
Q

a female has to receive the allele from what to be affected by a disorder?

A

the allele from both parents

81
Q

1950
-worked out the 3D structure of DNA based on work by Rosalind Franklin
-Each strand runs in the opposite direction (antiparallel)

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

82
Q

copying of DNA in the S phase of the cell cycle

A

DNA replication

83
Q
  1. 2 strands of parental DNA molecules separate
  2. DNA polymerase (enzyme) adds new nucleotides and pairs them up (A=T, C=G) to make complementary daughter strands
  3. DNA polymerase reaches the end and falls off releasing 2 daughter DNA molecules (half old half new), semi-conservative)
A

DNA replication

84
Q

origin of replication

A

where replication begins on a csome

85
Q

2 strands are not copied the same because they run in…

A

opposite directions

86
Q

Eukaryotic cell csomes are…

A

linear (multiple origins)

87
Q

prokaryotic cell csomes are…

A

circular, 1 origin, ends meet

88
Q

genetic information in a cell goes…

A

DNA (genotype), RNA, protein (phenotype)

89
Q

gene expression =

A

transcription and translation

90
Q
  1. gene in DNA is transcribed into…
A

RNA

91
Q
  1. RNA is then transcribed into…
A

a protein by a ribosome

92
Q

transcription and translation happen both in the cytoplasm

A

prokaryotes

93
Q

3 nucleotides=1 codon (mRNA)=…

A

1 amino acid

94
Q

genetic code (1960s)

A

table tells you which mRNA codon represents which specific amino acid

95
Q

process of converting genes in DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

transcription

96
Q
  1. initiation- DNA helix unwinds and RNA polymerase binds promoter DNA
  2. Elongation- RNA polymerase pairs up RNA nucleotides with one strand of DNA (gene) to make the mRNA
  3. termination- RNA polymerase recognizes terminator DNA and falls off, mRNA leaves, and DNA strands come back together
A

transcription steps

97
Q

eukaryotic mRNA is …

A

modified before leaving the nucleus and before translation (exons in, introns out)

98
Q

part of mRNA used to make the protein

A

exons

99
Q

part of mRNA not used

A

introns (see lots of nucleotides in introns that do not change protein) (caps and tails stabilize single-stranded RNA)

100
Q

process of converting codons in mRNA into amino acids to make a protein

A

translation
-initiation-start codon reads
-elongation-adds more amino acids to the growing polypeptide
-termination-stop codon

101
Q

Ribosomes do…

A

translation

102
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

103
Q

mRNA

A

protein

104
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

105
Q

anticodon

A

matches up with codon in mRNA

106
Q

specific… for each amino acid

A

tRNA

107
Q

mutation (change in nucleotide sequence)

A

change in a gene

108
Q

mutation can occur in the DNA but it is carried to…

A

protein

109
Q
  1. foreign DNA from the environment
  2. DNA from a bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria)
  3. DNA from another bacterial cell 9any species)
A

how bacteria can get new DNA (variation)

110
Q

DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome

A

plasmids
carries genes for bacterial “sex”, antibiotic resistance, and toxins

111
Q

you can only see viruses in what

A

electron microscope (TEM)

112
Q
A

BIO Lecture (4 decks)

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