Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is the name for the process in the esophagus that moves the food down towards the stomach?
A
Peristalsis
2
Q
What is a ball of chewed food called?
A
A Bolus
3
Q
Why is pepsinogen produced instead of the active form pepsin?
A
If it were active, the cells would digest themselves to death. Also causes the denaturing of it’s own proteins.
4
Q
What are the three parts of the small intenstine in order?
A
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum.
5
Q
What structure within the small intestine allows for increased absorption due to surface area?
A
Villi
6
Q
What two veins form the Hepatic Portal Vein?
A
Splenic and Superior Messenteric
7
Q
What is the purpose of the bile duct?
A
When the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla is closed, it allows for room for the bile to back up into the gallbladder.
8
Q
What is the structure that closes off the bile duct to the duodenum?
A
The Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
9
Q
What is the epithelium of the Rectum/Anus?
A
Simple Columnar to non-k-strat-squamous inside the anal canal.
10
Q
What is the epithelim of the Large Intestine?
A
Simple columnar
11
Q
Which structure is longer, the small or large intestine?
A
The small intestine.
12
Q
What forms the feces within the large intestine?
A
The Haustra
13
Q
The intestinal glands of the large intestine are filled with _____?
A
Goblet cells that produce mucus
14
Q
What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the Small Intestine?
A
Simple columnar
15
Q
What is the name for the structure of depressions between the Villi?
A
Intestinal crypts
16
Q
What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the Esophagus?
A
Non-K-Strat-Squamous
17
Q
The mucosa of the Esophagus is split into 3 sections. Upper, Middle, and Lower. What type of muscle are they each made of?
A
Skeletal muscle, mixed, smooth muscle.
18
Q
What is the name of the hole in the diaphragm for the esophagus?
A
Esophageal Hiatus
19
Q
What are the names for the sphincters at the top and bottom of the stomach?
A
Cardiac sphincter (upper). Pyloric sphincter (lower)
20
Q
What lies in the serosa of the Esophagus?
A
It doesn’t have one!
21
Q
What cells produce pepsionogen?
A
Chief Cells
22
Q
What cells produce HCL?
A
Parietal Cells
23
Q
What is the inner most layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach?
A
Obliques. they turn the bolus into chime.
24
Q
Why do we need a bile duct to back up bile?
A
We don’t produce enough bile at once to take all of the chyme’s acidity at once.
25
What tells the pharyngeal muscles to constrict?
The medulla oblongata
26
What is the term for baby teeth? How many do they have?
Deciduous, 20
27
How many teeth do adults typically have? How many of each type?
32. 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars.
28
What holds the tooth within it's cavity?
Dense irregular C.T. known as the Periodontal Ligament.
29
What are the names for the three salivary glands?
Sublingual (under tongue), Submanibular ( under jaw) , parotid (by ear).
30
*Which cranial nerves innervate the two Sub___ glands?
#7. Facial
31
*Which cranial nerves innervate the Parotid Salivary Gland?
#9. Acessory.
32
What bones support the hard palate?
Palatines, and Paltine process of the maxilla.
33
Why is the cardiac sphincter weak?
The diaphragm practically acts as a sphincter so there is no need.
34
Why does the Jejunum contain circular folds?
To slow down the food so that it does not rocket through so fast.
35
What structure lies within the Ileum that prevents the escape of harmful bacteria into the bloodstream?
Aggregate Lymphoid nodules
36
What is the function of Aggregate Lymphoid Nodules?
Bacteria is helpful to our gut, but if they were to escape into the bloodstream during regurgetation, they would cause serious harm.
37
Name the structures of the large intestine in order.
Cecum - Ascending colon - Transverse colon - Descending colon - Sigmoid colon - Rectum - anal sphincter.
38
In the average human, where would the appendix hang from?
The cecum of the large intestine.
39
What is "mass movement" within the body?
Multiple times a day this occurs. It is a giant wave of peristalsis that pushes feces from the transverse colon, all the way to the anal canal.
40
What is the biggest organ in the body?
The liver
41
Why does the right kidney sit slightly lover than it's left counterpart?
The liver is so large, that it pushes the structures surrounding it down slightly to adjust for the room .
42
The Hepatic Portal system takes blood from where to where?
Capillaries of the gastrointestinal system to the capillaries of the liver.
43
What "worm" like structure forms the haustra of the intestines?
The Teniea Coli
44
The ____ cavity within the ventral cavity contains the heart and lungs?
Thorasic
45
What separates the two main cavities inside the ventral cavity?
The diaphragm
46
What are the three cavities of the Ventral Body Cavity?
Thorasic, abdomniopelvic, pelvic.
47
Where can you find nervous tissue?
Brain, spinal cord, inside nerves.
48
Where are red blood cells made?
Trabeculae of spongey bone, in the epiphysis of long bone
49
What is the epithelium of the oral cavity?
Non-K strat. sq.
50
What makes up the submucosa of the pharynx?
Elastic c.t.
51
What are the epithelium of the muscularis externa of the stomach?
Simple columnar
52
What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the small intestine?
Simple columnar
53
Why does the duodenum secrete high pH mucus?
to neutralize stomach acid.
54
What is two of the main functions of the large intestine?
To absorb water and form the feces.
55
What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the large inestine?
Simple columnar
56
What is the epitelium of the mucosa of the rectum?
Simple columnar that becomes non-k strat. sq in the anal canal.
57
Why are the kidneys retroperitoneal?
They lie outside of the parietal pericardium
58
Where does the kidney's proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb into?
peritubular capilaries
59
What is the pathway of urine?
Glomerulus Capsul - Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle:Descending, ascending - Distal Convoluted Tube - Collecting duct - papillary duct - Renal papilla - renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder
60
What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the ureters?
Transitional
61
What makes the layers of the muscularis of the ureters different?
It's backwards. The inner is longitudinal, the outer is circular.
62
What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the urinary bladder?
Transitional
63
What is special about the muscularis of the urinary bladder?
Both the outer and inner most layers are longitudinal. With the circular being in the middle.
64
What muscle contracts to empty the urinary bladder?
detrusor muscle
65
What is the name for the triangular structure made out of the openings of the ureters and internal uretheral sphinctor?
Trigone
66
What is the name for the follicle which ovulates within the ovary?
Tertiary
67
Where does fertilization occur?
Within the uterine/fallopian tube
68
Which layer of the endometrium of the uterus sheds during a montly "period"?
The Functional layer
69
What triggers ovulation?
The teritary follicle ruptures and releases the oocyte from the capsule of granulosa cells.
70
Why are the testes hanging down?
Sperm production happens slightly below average body temperature. So having them hang off the main body cavity allows for them to be cooler.
71
Name structures within the spermatic cord.
Ducuts deferens, testisular n., pampineform plexus.
72
What divides the tests into lobules?
Tunica Albuginea
73
What is the name for the channel in which the testes drop from within the body cavity of boy fetuses?
Inguinal Canal
74
Where is sperm formed by undergo mitosis in the testes?
speratogenic cells
75
What process has to occur before sperm can "swim"?
Maturation
76
What causes sperm to "swim"?
enzymes contained within semen.
77
What three tissues make up the errect penis?
2 Corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum.
78
Diagram the pathway of sperm.
Seminiferous tubules - straight tubules - rete testis - efferent ductule - epididymis: head, body, tail - maturation - ductus deferens - ampulla of d.d + seminal gland - ejaculatory duct - prostatic urethra.
79
What are three functions for semen?
To catalyze the sperm with enzymes to make them swim, to act as an energy source with fructose, and to neutralize the acid in the urethra.
80
What types of movement occur at synovial joints?
Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, circumduction, rotation
81
Synovial joints allow for ______ movment?
smooth movments between adjacent bones.
82
What types of movement occur at diarthrosis joints?
Moniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial.
83
What is the function of a fixator?
Acts as a stabalizer for an agonist.
84
Define the origin point of a muscle.
The origin is the attachment site that DOESN'T move during contraction.
85
Define the insertion point of a muscle.
The insertion point is the attachment site that does move when the muscle contracts.
86
What is the function of an agonist in a muscle?
To provide the main force to move or rotate a bone through it's joint.
87
What is the function of an antagonist in a muscle?
Maintain body or limb position. Such as holding your arm out.
88
What is the function of a synergist in a muscle?
Asist the agonist or primary mover muscle.
89
State the pathway and circulation of CSF through the body.
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricles - lateral ventricles - interventricular foramina - choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle - aqueduct of midbrain - choroid plexus of 4th ventricle - SPLIT 1- central canal of the spinal cord. SPLIT 2- lateral + median apertures - subarachnoid space around the medulla - subarachnoid space around C.N.S. - reabsorption at Superior saggital sinus via arachnoid granulations
90
What are the four types of neuroglia in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, astrocytes, ependymal cells.
91
What are the two types of neruoglia in the PNS?
Schwann cells (like Oli), Satellite cells,
92
The posterior gray horn contains _____ nucleii.
Sensory, from afferent divison of pns.
93
The anterior gray horn contains _____ nucleii.
Somatic/Motor. To muscles.
94
The lateral gray horn contains _____ nucleii.
Visceral/Motor. To smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
95
What is the function of the anterior and posterior Gray commissures?
To allow the right and left side parts to communicate with eachother. There is one on either side of the central canal.
96
What makes white matter white (in difference to gray matter) ?
Contains myaline. Gray matter is lacking in myaline.
97
Within white matter, what is the function of the White funniculus?
Filled with tracts that take sensory imput up to the brain (ascending) and take motor output down, across via decussation, and to it's designated muscle.
98
What is negative feedback?
When oversecreation of a hormone reverts back and triggers the stopping of release for that same hormone.
99
What is myopia?
Nearsightedness
100
How do lenses correct myopia?
A concave lens is thinner at the center and thicker on the edge to correct nearsightedness.
101
What is hyperopia?
Farsightedness
102
How do lenses correct hyperopia?
Convex lenses. They are thicker in the middle and thinner near the edge to correct farsightedness.
103
How does the eye change when looking far to then near?
Open/flat lens to closed/rounded lens. Sus. Ligament tight to loose. Cilliary muscles relaxed to contracting.
104
What is the shape of the lens in the eye during looking far? Suspensory ligaments? Cilliary muscles?
Open/Flat lens. Tight suspensory ligaments. Relaxed cilliary muscles.
105
What is the shape of the lens in the eye during looking near? Suspensory ligaments? Cilliary muscles?
Closed/Rounded. Loose suspensory ligaments. Contracted cilliary muscles.
106
What is the pathway of air through the body?
External nares - Nasal vestibule - nasal cavity - 3 meatus of the nasal cavity - posterior nasal aperture- nasopharynx - oropharynx laryngopharynx - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - teritary bronchi - 1....23rd order bronchi - terminal bronchioles - respitory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli
107
What is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Inferior Vena Cavi + Coronary sinus - Right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary trunk - R + L pulmonary arteries - pulmonary capillaries - 2R + 2L pulmonary veins - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - systemic arteries - systemic capillaries.
108
What is the pulmonary circuit? (** is exchange of 02- and 02+)
Right ventricle - pulmonary arteries - *pulmonary capillaries*- pulmonary veins - left atrium.
109
Do pulmonary veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Oxygenated back to the heart from the lungs.
110
What is the systemic circuit?
Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the capillary tissues of the body.
111
What do arteries carry?
Oxygenated blood
112
What do veins carry?
Deoxygenated blood in the systemic circuit. Oxygenated in the pulmonary circuit.
113
How do capillary beds "work"?
A bed of channels conveys the transfer of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. They are not always open, this being regulated by precapillary sphincters and the arteriovenous anastomosis.
114
What is the channel that dirrects blood arround a closed capillary bed?
Arteriovenous anastomosis.
115
How are arteries and veins different?
Arteries have thicker walls with muscular tissue and carry blood towards the heart. Veins have thinner walls and use valves to keep the blood flowing towards the heart.
116
How are arteries and veins similar?
carry blood
117
How does the hypothalamus work?
Releases inhibiting or releasing hormones - hypophyseal portal of infundibulum - anterior lobe of the Pituitary gland
118
Which lobe of the pituitary gland actually releases hormones?
Anterior lobe. Made of glandular epithelium
119
Which lobe of the pituitary gland only stores hormones for the hypothalamus?
Posterior lobe.
120
