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Human Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for the process in the esophagus that moves the food down towards the stomach?

A

Peristalsis

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2
Q

What is a ball of chewed food called?

A

A Bolus

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3
Q

Why is pepsinogen produced instead of the active form pepsin?

A

If it were active, the cells would digest themselves to death. Also causes the denaturing of it’s own proteins.

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the small intenstine in order?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum.

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5
Q

What structure within the small intestine allows for increased absorption due to surface area?

A

Villi

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6
Q

What two veins form the Hepatic Portal Vein?

A

Splenic and Superior Messenteric

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the bile duct?

A

When the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla is closed, it allows for room for the bile to back up into the gallbladder.

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8
Q

What is the structure that closes off the bile duct to the duodenum?

A

The Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

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9
Q

What is the epithelium of the Rectum/Anus?

A

Simple Columnar to non-k-strat-squamous inside the anal canal.

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10
Q

What is the epithelim of the Large Intestine?

A

Simple columnar

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11
Q

Which structure is longer, the small or large intestine?

A

The small intestine.

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12
Q

What forms the feces within the large intestine?

A

The Haustra

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13
Q

The intestinal glands of the large intestine are filled with _____?

A

Goblet cells that produce mucus

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14
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the Small Intestine?

A

Simple columnar

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15
Q

What is the name for the structure of depressions between the Villi?

A

Intestinal crypts

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16
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the Esophagus?

A

Non-K-Strat-Squamous

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17
Q

The mucosa of the Esophagus is split into 3 sections. Upper, Middle, and Lower. What type of muscle are they each made of?

A

Skeletal muscle, mixed, smooth muscle.

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18
Q

What is the name of the hole in the diaphragm for the esophagus?

A

Esophageal Hiatus

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19
Q

What are the names for the sphincters at the top and bottom of the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphincter (upper). Pyloric sphincter (lower)

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20
Q

What lies in the serosa of the Esophagus?

A

It doesn’t have one!

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21
Q

What cells produce pepsionogen?

A

Chief Cells

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22
Q

What cells produce HCL?

A

Parietal Cells

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23
Q

What is the inner most layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

Obliques. they turn the bolus into chime.

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24
Q

Why do we need a bile duct to back up bile?

A

We don’t produce enough bile at once to take all of the chyme’s acidity at once.

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25
Q

What tells the pharyngeal muscles to constrict?

A

The medulla oblongata

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26
Q

What is the term for baby teeth? How many do they have?

A

Deciduous, 20

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27
Q

How many teeth do adults typically have? How many of each type?

A
  1. 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars.
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28
Q

What holds the tooth within it’s cavity?

A

Dense irregular C.T. known as the Periodontal Ligament.

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29
Q

What are the names for the three salivary glands?

A

Sublingual (under tongue), Submanibular ( under jaw) , parotid (by ear).

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30
Q

*Which cranial nerves innervate the two Sub___ glands?

A

7. Facial

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31
Q

*Which cranial nerves innervate the Parotid Salivary Gland?

A

9. Acessory.

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32
Q

What bones support the hard palate?

A

Palatines, and Paltine process of the maxilla.

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33
Q

Why is the cardiac sphincter weak?

A

The diaphragm practically acts as a sphincter so there is no need.

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34
Q

Why does the Jejunum contain circular folds?

A

To slow down the food so that it does not rocket through so fast.

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35
Q

What structure lies within the Ileum that prevents the escape of harmful bacteria into the bloodstream?

A

Aggregate Lymphoid nodules

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36
Q

What is the function of Aggregate Lymphoid Nodules?

A

Bacteria is helpful to our gut, but if they were to escape into the bloodstream during regurgetation, they would cause serious harm.

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37
Q

Name the structures of the large intestine in order.

A

Cecum - Ascending colon - Transverse colon - Descending colon - Sigmoid colon - Rectum - anal sphincter.

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38
Q

In the average human, where would the appendix hang from?

A

The cecum of the large intestine.

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39
Q

What is “mass movement” within the body?

A

Multiple times a day this occurs. It is a giant wave of peristalsis that pushes feces from the transverse colon, all the way to the anal canal.

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40
Q

What is the biggest organ in the body?

A

The liver

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41
Q

Why does the right kidney sit slightly lover than it’s left counterpart?

A

The liver is so large, that it pushes the structures surrounding it down slightly to adjust for the room .

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42
Q

The Hepatic Portal system takes blood from where to where?

A

Capillaries of the gastrointestinal system to the capillaries of the liver.

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43
Q

What “worm” like structure forms the haustra of the intestines?

A

The Teniea Coli

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44
Q

The ____ cavity within the ventral cavity contains the heart and lungs?

A

Thorasic

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45
Q

What separates the two main cavities inside the ventral cavity?

A

The diaphragm

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46
Q

What are the three cavities of the Ventral Body Cavity?

A

Thorasic, abdomniopelvic, pelvic.

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47
Q

Where can you find nervous tissue?

A

Brain, spinal cord, inside nerves.

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48
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

Trabeculae of spongey bone, in the epiphysis of long bone

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49
Q

What is the epithelium of the oral cavity?

A

Non-K strat. sq.

50
Q

What makes up the submucosa of the pharynx?

A

Elastic c.t.

51
Q

What are the epithelium of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

52
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

53
Q

Why does the duodenum secrete high pH mucus?

A

to neutralize stomach acid.

54
Q

What is two of the main functions of the large intestine?

A

To absorb water and form the feces.

55
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the large inestine?

A

Simple columnar

56
Q

What is the epitelium of the mucosa of the rectum?

A

Simple columnar that becomes non-k strat. sq in the anal canal.

57
Q

Why are the kidneys retroperitoneal?

A

They lie outside of the parietal pericardium

58
Q

Where does the kidney’s proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb into?

A

peritubular capilaries

59
Q

What is the pathway of urine?

A

Glomerulus Capsul - Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle:Descending, ascending - Distal Convoluted Tube - Collecting duct - papillary duct - Renal papilla - renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder

60
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the ureters?

A

Transitional

61
Q

What makes the layers of the muscularis of the ureters different?

A

It’s backwards. The inner is longitudinal, the outer is circular.

62
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional

63
Q

What is special about the muscularis of the urinary bladder?

A

Both the outer and inner most layers are longitudinal. With the circular being in the middle.

64
Q

What muscle contracts to empty the urinary bladder?

A

detrusor muscle

65
Q

What is the name for the triangular structure made out of the openings of the ureters and internal uretheral sphinctor?

A

Trigone

66
Q

What is the name for the follicle which ovulates within the ovary?

A

Tertiary

67
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Within the uterine/fallopian tube

68
Q

Which layer of the endometrium of the uterus sheds during a montly “period”?

A

The Functional layer

69
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

The teritary follicle ruptures and releases the oocyte from the capsule of granulosa cells.

70
Q

Why are the testes hanging down?

A

Sperm production happens slightly below average body temperature. So having them hang off the main body cavity allows for them to be cooler.

71
Q

Name structures within the spermatic cord.

A

Ducuts deferens, testisular n., pampineform plexus.

72
Q

What divides the tests into lobules?

A

Tunica Albuginea

73
Q

What is the name for the channel in which the testes drop from within the body cavity of boy fetuses?

A

Inguinal Canal

74
Q

Where is sperm formed by undergo mitosis in the testes?

A

speratogenic cells

75
Q

What process has to occur before sperm can “swim”?

A

Maturation

76
Q

What causes sperm to “swim”?

A

enzymes contained within semen.

77
Q

What three tissues make up the errect penis?

A

2 Corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum.

78
Q

Diagram the pathway of sperm.

A

Seminiferous tubules - straight tubules - rete testis - efferent ductule - epididymis: head, body, tail - maturation - ductus deferens - ampulla of d.d + seminal gland - ejaculatory duct - prostatic urethra.

79
Q

What are three functions for semen?

A

To catalyze the sperm with enzymes to make them swim, to act as an energy source with fructose, and to neutralize the acid in the urethra.

80
Q

What types of movement occur at synovial joints?

A

Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, circumduction, rotation

81
Q

Synovial joints allow for ______ movment?

A

smooth movments between adjacent bones.

82
Q

What types of movement occur at diarthrosis joints?

A

Moniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial.

83
Q

What is the function of a fixator?

A

Acts as a stabalizer for an agonist.

84
Q

Define the origin point of a muscle.

A

The origin is the attachment site that DOESN’T move during contraction.

85
Q

Define the insertion point of a muscle.

A

The insertion point is the attachment site that does move when the muscle contracts.

86
Q

What is the function of an agonist in a muscle?

A

To provide the main force to move or rotate a bone through it’s joint.

87
Q

What is the function of an antagonist in a muscle?

A

Maintain body or limb position. Such as holding your arm out.

88
Q

What is the function of a synergist in a muscle?

A

Asist the agonist or primary mover muscle.

89
Q

State the pathway and circulation of CSF through the body.

A

Choroid plexus of lateral ventricles - lateral ventricles - interventricular foramina - choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle - aqueduct of midbrain - choroid plexus of 4th ventricle - SPLIT 1- central canal of the spinal cord. SPLIT 2- lateral + median apertures - subarachnoid space around the medulla - subarachnoid space around C.N.S. - reabsorption at Superior saggital sinus via arachnoid granulations

90
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, astrocytes, ependymal cells.

91
Q

What are the two types of neruoglia in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells (like Oli), Satellite cells,

92
Q

The posterior gray horn contains _____ nucleii.

A

Sensory, from afferent divison of pns.

93
Q

The anterior gray horn contains _____ nucleii.

A

Somatic/Motor. To muscles.

94
Q

The lateral gray horn contains _____ nucleii.

A

Visceral/Motor. To smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

95
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior Gray commissures?

A

To allow the right and left side parts to communicate with eachother. There is one on either side of the central canal.

96
Q

What makes white matter white (in difference to gray matter) ?

A

Contains myaline. Gray matter is lacking in myaline.

97
Q

Within white matter, what is the function of the White funniculus?

A

Filled with tracts that take sensory imput up to the brain (ascending) and take motor output down, across via decussation, and to it’s designated muscle.

98
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When oversecreation of a hormone reverts back and triggers the stopping of release for that same hormone.

99
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness

100
Q

How do lenses correct myopia?

A

A concave lens is thinner at the center and thicker on the edge to correct nearsightedness.

101
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness

102
Q

How do lenses correct hyperopia?

A

Convex lenses. They are thicker in the middle and thinner near the edge to correct farsightedness.

103
Q

How does the eye change when looking far to then near?

A

Open/flat lens to closed/rounded lens. Sus. Ligament tight to loose. Cilliary muscles relaxed to contracting.

104
Q

What is the shape of the lens in the eye during looking far? Suspensory ligaments? Cilliary muscles?

A

Open/Flat lens. Tight suspensory ligaments. Relaxed cilliary muscles.

105
Q

What is the shape of the lens in the eye during looking near? Suspensory ligaments? Cilliary muscles?

A

Closed/Rounded. Loose suspensory ligaments. Contracted cilliary muscles.

106
Q

What is the pathway of air through the body?

A

External nares - Nasal vestibule - nasal cavity - 3 meatus of the nasal cavity - posterior nasal aperture- nasopharynx - oropharynx laryngopharynx - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - teritary bronchi - 1….23rd order bronchi - terminal bronchioles - respitory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli

107
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

A

Inferior Vena Cavi + Coronary sinus - Right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary trunk - R + L pulmonary arteries - pulmonary capillaries - 2R + 2L pulmonary veins - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - systemic arteries - systemic capillaries.

108
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit? (** is exchange of 02- and 02+)

A

Right ventricle - pulmonary arteries - pulmonary capillaries- pulmonary veins - left atrium.

109
Q

Do pulmonary veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated back to the heart from the lungs.

110
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the capillary tissues of the body.

111
Q

What do arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

112
Q

What do veins carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood in the systemic circuit. Oxygenated in the pulmonary circuit.

113
Q

How do capillary beds “work”?

A

A bed of channels conveys the transfer of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. They are not always open, this being regulated by precapillary sphincters and the arteriovenous anastomosis.

114
Q

What is the channel that dirrects blood arround a closed capillary bed?

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis.

115
Q

How are arteries and veins different?

A

Arteries have thicker walls with muscular tissue and carry blood towards the heart. Veins have thinner walls and use valves to keep the blood flowing towards the heart.

116
Q

How are arteries and veins similar?

A

carry blood

117
Q

How does the hypothalamus work?

A

Releases inhibiting or releasing hormones - hypophyseal portal of infundibulum - anterior lobe of the Pituitary gland

118
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland actually releases hormones?

A

Anterior lobe. Made of glandular epithelium

119
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland only stores hormones for the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior lobe.

120
Q
A

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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