Exam 4! Flashcards
Endocrine, Heart, Eyes, Ears, C
1
Q
What lies within the Fovea Centralis in the eye?
A
Densley packed cones
2
Q
Where lies your “blind spot”
A
Optic Disc, where the optic nerve exits the eye
3
Q
Name the Layers of the Eye in order from superficial to deep.
A
Fibrous Tunic, Vascular Tunic, Neural Tunic (retina)
4
Q
How do the cells of the eye get their nutrients?
A
The blood from the Aqueous Humor in Anterior Chamber of Anterior Cavity
5
Q
State the Pathway of Light
A
Cornea - aqueus humor - pupil - more aq. humor - lens - vitrious humor - ganglion cells - Bipolar neurons - photoreceptors (rods and cones) - the visual pathway
6
Q
Which muscle lifts the eyelid?
A
Levator Palpibrae Superioris
7
Q
What is the overall term for the bones inside the Ear?
A
Ossicles
8
Q
In Infants, what addition to their auditory canal allows for the drainage?
A
Eustachian Tube
9
Q
If you were to drive a stake through the heart, what layers would it pass through? In order from Superficial to Deep.
A
Fibrous pericardium - parietal pericardium - pericardial cavity (filled with venus fluid) - Epicardium - Myocardium - Endocardium - Chambers of the Heart
10
Q
Of the Heart’s Chambers, which has the thickest myocardium? What about the next Thickest?
A
Left Ventricle (Most), Right Ventricle (Second)
11
Q
Why is it that the Ventricles are so thick?
A
Because they pump the majority of the blood and need to be stronger
12
Q
State the Blood Pathway through the Heart (nondeep version)
A
Vena Cavi - Right Atrium -Right Ventricle - Pulmonary trunk - lungs - Left Atrium - Left Ventricle - Aorta
13
Q
Name two structures of the fetal heart that cause deoxegenated blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit.
A
Foramen Ovale, Ductus Arteriosis
14
Q
What do the fetal structures that bypass the pulmonary circuit change into and become in Adults?
A
Foramen Ovale becomes Fossa Ovalis. Ductus Arteriosis becomes Ligamentum Arteriosum
15
Q
What are the two functions of the Pancreas?
A
Produces insulin to LOWER blood sugar. Produces glucogon which RAISES Blood sugar.
16
Q
The Hypothalamus releases two types of hormones that do what and go where?
A
Releases Relasing hormones and Inhibiting hormones that go into the hypophysial portal in the Infindiubulum that go into the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland.
17
Q
Which lobe of the Pituitary Gland only stores hormones for the hypothalamus?
A
The Posterior Lobe
18
Q
What is the function of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland?
A
To send out Tropic Hormones that tell other glands to secrete their hormones.
19
Q
What are Tropic Hormones?
A
Hormones sent out by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that tell other glands to secrete their hormones.
20
Q
What is Negative Feedback in the Endocrine system?
A
A built in system that when a hormone level gets to high, it then reverberates back and triggers the response to stop secreting and lower the level.
21
Q
Unlike the Nervous system, what are the primary qualities of the Endocrine system?
A
Slow, Long-term, and hormonal
22
Q
Where can you locate the Oval Window?
A
The foot plate of the stapes, that fits into the cochlea
23
Q
State the structures of the Ear from Superficial to Deep
A
Bony Labryinth, Perilymph, Membranous labyrinth, endolymph.
24
Q
What structure matches with the Vestibule of the ear? What is the frequency coding type?
A
Uticle and Sarcule. For linear motion.
25
What stucture matches with the Semicircular Canals of the Ear? What is the frequency coding type?
Semicircular Ducts, for roational motion.
26
What structure matches with the Cochlea of the Ear? What is the frequency coding type?
Cochlear duct. With receptors for detection of Sound Waves.
27
What is the Cochlea filled with?
Perilymph.
28
Embedded in the tectorial membrane of the Organ of Corti is __________?
Hair cells, covered in thick Sternocilia.
29
What are the layers of the eye in order from superficial to deep?
Fibrous Tunic, Vascular Tunic, Neural Tunic.
30
What makes up the Nerural Tunic?
The Retina
31
Located in the Neural Tunic are the photoreceptors made from ______?
Rods and Cones
32
Rods correlate to ___ Light
low light / night light
33
Cones correlate to _____ light.
High light / sunlight.
34
What area of the eye contains no photoreceptors?
Optic Disc
35
Contraction of the Cilliary muscles of the eye (Reduces/Increases) tention on sensory ligaments which causes (tightening/loosening) of the pupil?
Reduces, Causes The pupil to loosen.
36
Relaxion of the Cilliary muscles of the eye (Reduces/Increases) tention on sensory ligaments which causes (tightening/loosening) of the pupil?
Increase, tighten.
37
Relaxation of the muscles around the pupil, cause the amount of light coming into the eye to (Increase/Decrease) ?
Increase, in low light.
38
Constriction of the muscles around the pupil, cause the amount of light coming into the eye to (Increase/Decrease) ?
Decrease, in high light.
39
State the Pathway of Light through the eye.
Cornea - aqueous humor - pupil - more aqueous humor - lens - vitrious humor - ganglion cells - bipolar neurons - photoreceptors (rods and cones) - the visual pathway.
40
There are few spaces in the human body not filled with something, air or liquid or otherwise. What is one of them located inside the ear?
The Tympanic Cavity in the middle ear
41
(High/Low) sound is created from frequency vibration of the cochlear duct closest to the oval window?
High sound
42
(High/Low) sound is created from frequency vibration of the cochlear duct furthest to the oval window?
Low sound.
43
Loudness of sound is determined by what structure in frequency coding?
Amplitude, hair cells bouncing up and down quickly indicate loudness. The opposite for quietness.
44
What cranial nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain that interpret the sound from the ear?
CN #8, vestibular cochlear
45
What lines the Eustachian tube? What is it's function?
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar. Opens and closes to pressurize the ear.
46
Essay Q: Why do babies cry on planes?
Their Eustachian tube is open, not allowing their ear to control the pressure inside them. Their ears cannot pop and depressurize, therefore in instances of high pressure change (like taking off or descending on a plan) they are very uncomfortable due to the pressure located in their ears.
47
What tells the master gland to release it's hormones?
The hypothalamus
48
What hormone is released from the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone. Raises Calcium Levels.
49
What are located in T-cells that slow down bone matrix? Stimulated by ___?
forget it.
50
What is the name for a group of cells working as a single cell within the Myocardium of the Heart?
Functional Syncytium
51
Artieries carry blood _______ from the heart?
Away
52
Veins carry blood ______ the heart?
Towards
53
The Pulmonary Circuit is from the ____ Ventricle to the ____ Atrium?
Right Ventricle to the Left Atrium
54
The Systemic Circuit is from the ____ Ventricle to the _____ Atrium?
Left Ventricle to the Right Atrium
55
In the Pulmonary Circuit, Arteries carry (Oxygenated/Deoxygenated) Blood to the (Lungs/Body/Heart), and Veins carry (Oxygenated/Deoxygenated) Blood to the (Lungs/Body/Heart)?
In the Pulmonary Circuit, Arteries carry Deoxygenated Blood to the Lungs, and Veins carry Oxygenated Blood to the Heart.
56
In the Systemic Circuit, Arteries carry (Oxygenated/Deoxygenated) Blood to the (Lungs/Body/Heart), and Veins carry (Oxygenated/Deoxygenated) Blood to the (Lungs/Body/Heart)?
In the Systemic Circuit, Arteries carry Oxygenated Blood to the Body, and Veins carry Deoxygenated Blood to the Heart.
57
In the Fetal Heart, there is a duct formed from the Pulmonary Trunk to the Aorta. This is called the __________?
Ductus Arteriosis
58
Name the Walls of the Heart from Inner to Outer.
Epicardium - Myocardium - Endocardium - Pericardium
59
In the Pituitary Gland, What color is the Anterior Lobe?
Dark Pink
60
In the Pituitary Gland, What color is the Posterior Lobe?
Pale Pink
61
When the Atria contract, what happens to the AtrioVentricular valves?
Valves are open and blood moves from Atria to Ventricle.
62
When the Ventricles contract, what happens to the AtrioVentricular Valves?
Forces valves closed.
63
When the Atria contract, what happens to the SemiLunar Valves?
The valves are closed shut.
64
When the Ventricles contract, what happens to the SemiLunar Valves?
Valves open and Blood moves from Ventricle out into the body.
65
What sound is made by the opening of the AV Valves?
HOPEFULLY NONE
66
What sound is made by the closing of the AV Valves?
Lub
67
What sound is made by the opening of the SL Valves?
FUCKING NOTHING OR YOURE DEAD
68
What sound is made by the closing of the SL Valves?
Dup
69
Describe the pathway of the conduction system.
Sinoatrial node - internodal pathway - R+L Atrium - AV Node - Delay - AV Bundles - Right or Left Bundle Branch - PURKINJE Fibers - Myocardium of the Ventricles
70
In the conduction system, what is the destination after the splitting of electrical signals to the Right or Left Bundle Branch?
Purkinje Fibers
71
In the Chart of Dr. P's Cardiac Cycle, what does the P bump symbolize?
The Deplarization of the Atria
72
In the Chart of Dr. P's Cardiac Cycle, what does the QRS symbolize?
The Depolarization of the Ventricles, and the Repolarization of the Atria
73
In the Chart of Dr. P's Cardiac Cycle, what does the T bump symbolize?
Repolarization of the Ventricles
74
Systole is the ____ of a heart chamber?
Contraction
75
Diastole is the ______ of a heart chamber?
Relaxation
76
Which has the Larger Lumen, Arteries or Veins?
Veins
77
Which has higher total Blood Pressure put on by the heart? Hint* Causing it to have stronger walls.
Arteries
78
During Vasoconstriction, the lumen (shrinks/grows)?
Shrinks because of the pressure
79
During Vasodialation, the lumen (shrinks/grows)?
Grows, since it is relaxing.
80
In an Artery, the Tunica Externa is _____ while the Tunica Media is _____?
Thinner, Thicker
81
In a Vein, the Tunica Externa is ____ while the Tunica Media is ______?
Thicker, Thinner
82
Which structure has a crinkled Tunica Interna?
Arteries, due to the dramatic size change that occurs
83
What helps to pull blood from veins back into the heart?
The Vena Cavi have the lowest Blood Pressure in the Body. Blood wants to run to where the blood pressure is lowest, to try and even the bp out.
84
* What hormone is released from the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland?
NONE. It only stores hormones for the hypothalamus
85
What is the name of the thick bands of cardiac muscle inside the Ventricles?
Trabeculae Carneae
86
The Tricuspid valve is the door between the _____ and _____?
Right Atrium and Right Ventricle.
87
The Mitral valve is the door between the _______ and _______?
Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
88
The Aortic valve moves blood from the _______ to ______?
Left Ventricle to Aorta
89
The Pulmonary valve moves blood from ____ to _______?
Right Ventricle to Pulmonary arteries
90
What is the name for the strings attaching to the Atriventricular Valves that stops them from prolapsing?
Chordae Tendineae
91
How many cusps does the Tricuspid valve have?
3
92
How many cusps does the Bicuspid valve have?
2
93
How many cusps does the Pulmonary valve have?
3
94
How many cusps does the Aortic valve have?
3
95
What muscles do the Chordae Tendineae attach to?
Papillary Muscles
96
During Vasoconstriction, the Blood Pressure Upstream is ______ and the BP Downstream is ______?
High, Low
97
During Vasodialation, the BP Upstream is _____ and the BP Downstream is _____?
Low, High
98
What is Endothelium made of?
Slick surfaced Simple Squamous E.T
99
In the Skeletal Muscle Pump, while muscles are RELAXED, the valves are ____ and there is _______ occuring?
Closed, pooling of blood.
100
In the Skeletal Muscle Pump, while the muscles are CONTRACTING, the valves are ______ and there is _____ occuring?
Open, pushing of blood towards the heart.
101
Which type of arteries undergo vasoconstriction and vasodialation?
Muscular Arteries
102
What makes an artery defined as Muscular?
More Muscle to Elastic C.T. by ratio
103
What is the name for the tiny rings of smooth muscle at the beginning of individual capilaries? HINT* they open and close the capillaries.
Precapillary sphincters.
104
** What is the name of the Channel that dirrects blood around the capillary bed while it is closed?
Arteriovenous anastomosis.
105
Essay Q: How does Anaphalaxis cause Circulatory Shock?
During a severe allergic reaction, every precapillary sphincter in the body becomes dialated all at once. There is not enough blood in the body to fill all 20,000 miles of capillaries at once. So this mass dialation of precapillary sphincters causes the blood pressure in the body to drop dramatically. If not fixed nearly immediately, death ensues. This dramatic lowering of BP is known as Circulatory Shock.
106
Essay Q: Why is endothelium so neccessary in Capillaries?
They are so small that their diameter is practically the same size as red blood cells. Any blockage or sticking of the red blood cells can block the entire sector and cause a lot of problems down the line.
107
The right lymphatic duct drains which area?
The right arm and the right section above the diaphragm.
108
Which duct accepts drainage from the Right leg?
Thorasic Duct.
109
Which duct acccepts drainage from the Left leg?
Thorasic Duct.
110
The Thorasic duct accepts drainage from which area of the body?
Anything below the diaphragm, and the Left arm and Left Upper cavity.
111
Lymph nodes retain ______?
Lymphocytes
112
State the Full Pathway of Air through the upper tract.
External Naris - Nasal Vestibule - Nasal cavity (three meatuses) - Posterior nasal aperture - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx - Glottis of Larynx - Trachea - R+L Primary Bronchi - Secondary Bronchi - Tertiary Bronchi - 4th through 23th order bronchi - terminal bronchioles - Respitory Bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs made of alveoli.
113
When you breathe in and hold your breath, that is made possible by the _____?
Upper/Vestibular Folds of the Larynx
114
The anatomical term for swallowing is ________?
Deglutition
115
While deglutating, what swings up to seal off the nasopharynx?
The Uvula
116
While degulitating, what seals the larynx to prevent food and air mixing?
The epiglottis.
117
How many total secondary bronchi does a person have?
Five, due to the Five lobes of the lungs
118
What prevents the trachea from collapsing between breaths?
Rings of Hyaline cartilage
119
Why do the cartiligious rings of the trachea not go completely arround the structure?
The Eusophagus is located behind the trachea, and it needs room to expand forward while processing food and the spine is stopping it from expanding backwards.
120
About how many Bronchopulmonary segments does the Right lung have?
10 Segments
121
About how many Bronchopulmonary segments does the Left Lung have?
8 or 9 ordinarily.
122
What is the distincting factor of Bronchopulmonary segments?
They are each individualized due to the fact that they have their own Bronchus, Artery, and Veins.
123
If one Bronchopulmonary segment has a disease or sickness, why is it not likely to spread to another segment?
Since they each have their own veins, arteries, and bronchi, it is highly unlikely for sickness to spread to another segment since it would need to trace it's way all the way back to the primary bronchi and then back down into a segment.
124
Bronchoconstriction ____ diameter?
Reduces, during contraction.
125
Bronchodialation ______ diameter.
Expands, during relaxation.
126
The Sinoatrial Node ________? AKA?
Generates the depolarization signal. A.K.A. Pace Maker
127
Where do O2- and O2+ blood exchange?
At the Capillaries.
127
In the Posterior Lobe, what produces Antidiuretic Hormone?
Supraoptic Nucleii
128
In the Posterior Lobe, what produces the Oxytocin?
Paraventricular Nucleii
129
The adrenal cortex is made out of ________?
Glandular Epithelium
130
The adrenal Medulla is made out of _______?
Nervous Tissue
131
The hormone produced by the C-Cells in the thyroid are?
NONE. Produces calcitonin.
132
Parathyroid hormone _____ bone matrix, whereas T-Cells ________ bone matrix.
Breaks down, slow down.
133
What produces insuline and regulates glucose levels? What zona?
Glucocorticoids in the zona fasiculata of the Cortex of the Adrenal Gland.
134
What produces androgens? Zona?
Zona Reticularis in the Cortex of the Adrenal Medula.
135
What regulates sodium and blood pressure?
Mineralocorticoids in the Zona Glomerulosa of the cortex of the Adrenal gland
136
Blood enters the Right atrium through three paths, what are they?
Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and Coronary Sinus
137
State the Respitory Pathway
External Nares - Nasal Vestibule - Nasal Cavity - 3 Meatuses of Nasal Cavity - Posterior Nasal Aperture - naropharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx - glottis of larynx - trachea - R+L Primary bronchi - Secondary Bronchi - Tertiary Bronchi - ......23rd order bronchi - Terminal Bronchioles - Respitory Bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli -
138
Where does the exchange of O2- and O2+ gas happen in the lungs?
Between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
139
Which lung has more lobes?
Right Lung
140
What muscle holds the hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea together, allowing us to bend our neck rather than be a PVC pipe?
Annular Ligaments
141
What is regular, soft breathing called?
Eupnea
142
What muscles contract to cause expiration?
NONE BITCHES
143
What muscles contract to help inspiration?
Diaphragm, and external intercostals
144
What muscles contract to help expiration?
AGAIN, NONEEEE
145
What muscles contract during forced inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid, errector spinae, etc
146
What muscles contract during forced expiration?
Internal intercostals, abdominal obliques
147
Why does air go through three smaller channels rather than one large channel?
The incoming air needs humidified and warmed up, as well as cleaned.
