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Human Anatomy > Exam 3: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 3: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglia are _____ and the post-ganglia are _____

A

Long, Short

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2
Q

In the Sympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglia are _____ and the post-ganglia are _____

A

Short, Long

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3
Q

The primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as _________

A

Rest + Digest

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4
Q

The primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is referred to as ________

A

Fight or Flight

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5
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is known to cause a body-wide response. What are the two responses that make this reaction body-wide.

A
  1. Causes the Adrenal gland to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, commonly known as Adrenaline.
  2. 1 preganglionic can synapse with as many as 30 postganglionic, causing a large divergence.
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6
Q

Where is “Adrenaline” produced?

A

In the sympathetic nervous system, in a small postganglion inside of the adrenal medulla

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of mastication?

A

The Trigeminal nerve, #5

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8
Q

What are the three branches of the Trigeminal Cranial Nerve?

A

Ophthalmic (sensory), Maxillary (sensory), and Mandibular (mixed)

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9
Q

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve is mixed?

A

The Mandibular Branch

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10
Q

Which two trigeminal nerves are sensory?

A

Ophthalmic and Maxillary

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11
Q

Which Cranial nerves pass through the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor (#3) and Trochlear (#4)

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12
Q

Which Cranial Nerves pass through the medulla, then jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal (#9), Vagus (#10), Accessory (#11)

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13
Q

Which Cranial Nerves innervate the tongue?

A

Facial (#7), Glossopharyngeal (#9), Hypoglossal (#12)

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14
Q

If a Dentist was to operate on your upper teeth, which branch of which cranial nerve would they sedate?

A

Maxillary branch of the Trigeminal nerve.

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15
Q

If a Dentist were to operate on your lower teeth, which branch of which cranial nerve would they sedate?

A

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

Which Cranial Nerves innervate the extraocular region?

A

Oculomotor (#3), Trochlear (#4), Abducens (#6).

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17
Q

Which Cranial Nerves pass through the Superior Orbital Fissure?

A

Oculomotor (#3), Trochlear (#4), Abducens (#6), and the Ophthalmic branch of the Trigeminal nerve, (#5).

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18
Q

Name three Cranial Nerves with Mixed motor/sensory functions.

A

Accessory (#11), Hypoglossal (#12), Glossopharyngeal (#9), Facial (#7), Trochlear (#4)

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19
Q

Name three Cranial nerves with Sensory only functions.

A

Olfactory (#1), Optic (#2),Vestibulocochlear (#8)

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20
Q

Name the Cranial nerves in order. Mnemonic given for assistance.
Oh Oh Oh! To Touch And Feel a Virgin Girl’s Vagina and Hymen.

A

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal.

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21
Q

Which Cranial Nerves have motor only functions?

A

Oculomotor (#3), Abducens (#6).

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22
Q

Which Cranial Nerve innervates the muscles that lift the eyelid?

A

Trochlear Nerve (#4)

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23
Q

State the Pathway of Cerebrospinal Fluid through the body, starting with the Choroid Plexus of the lateral ventricles.

A

Choroid Plexus of the Lateral Ventricles - Lateral Ventricles - Interventricular Foramina - Choroid Plexus of 3rd ventricle - aqueduct of midbrain - choroid plexus of 4th ventricle - Split 1, central canal of the Spinal Cord - Split 2, lateral + median apertures to the subarachnoid space - reabsorption at the superior sagittal sinus by the arachnoid granulations.

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24
Q

What and where reabsorbs CSF?

A

Arachnoid granulations at the superior sagittal sinus.

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25
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

In the narrow space of the diencephalon.

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26
Q

State the Visual pathway in order, starting at the Retina.

A

Retina - Optic nerves - optic chiasma - optic tracts - lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus - optic projection fibers - visual cortex

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27
Q

Where is the Primary Sensory Cortex located?

A

Post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe

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28
Q

What and where in the brain does the processing of speech and language occur?

A

Broca’s area in the frontal lobe

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29
Q

What is the primary function of the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Regulation of subconscious functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

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30
Q

What is the primary function of the Pons?

A

Relays the neural impulses for pain to the cerebellum

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31
Q

What is the primary function of the Thalamus?

A

Regulates sleep and alertness, relays motor/sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

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32
Q

What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis - autonomic nervous system - hormones

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33
Q

What is the primary function of the Cerebrum?

A

Processing of sensory information and controlling voluntary movements.

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34
Q

What structure divides the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Corpus Collosum

35
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

thoracolumbar

36
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic division?

A

craniosacral

37
Q

Which cranial nerves are sympathetic? **

A

NONE

38
Q

Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

A

3, Oculomotor, 9 Glossopharyngeal, 7, Facial. 10, Vagus.

39
Q

Ganglia are _______?

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies

40
Q

What is the first pathway of the sympathetic chain ganglion?

A

Synapse with postganglionic neruon, to postganglionic axon to effector

41
Q

What is the second pathway of the sympathetic chain ganglion?

A

Up or down the sympathetic chain ganglion to grey ramus communicans synapse with the postganglion and effector

42
Q

What is the third pathway of the sympathetic chain ganglion?

A

to the splanchnic nerve, to the collateral ganglia, to synapse with postganglion and effector

43
Q

What are the destinations for the first two pathways of the sympathetic chain ganglion?

A

Body wall, limbs, head/neck, and organs of the thoracic cavity.

44
Q

What is the fourth pathway of the sympathetic chain ganglion?

A

Greater Splanchnic Nerve - Celiac Ganglion - adrenal medulla - synapse with postganglion but NO AXON TO EFFECTOR. Epi and Norepi

45
Q

What are the destinations for the 3rd pathway of sympathetic chain ganglion?

A

Organs of the Abdominopelvic Cavity.

46
Q

Name the Three splanchnic nerves.

A

Greater SN, Lesser SN, Lumbar SN

47
Q

What is the collateral ganglion for the Greater Splanchnic Nerve?

A

Celiac ganglion

48
Q

What is the collateral ganglion for the Lesser Splanchnic Nerve?

A

Superior Mesenteric

49
Q

What is the collateral ganglion for the Lumbar Splanchnic nerve?

A

Inferior Mesenteric

50
Q

What are the two areas of the Adrenal Gland?

A

Medulla and Cortex

51
Q

Where is the headquarters for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

The hypothalamus.

52
Q

What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.

53
Q

What are the effectors of the somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal Muscle

54
Q

How do nerve impulses travel through the neuron?

A

Dendrites - soma - axon - cell body

55
Q

What type of neural shape of special impulses?

A

bipolar

56
Q

What is the shape of the efferent neurons?

A

Multipolar

57
Q

What are the five modes of neuron organization and processing? **

A

Divergence, convergence, parallel processing, serial processing, and reverberation

58
Q

Name the all 3 of the neuroglial cells

A

Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

59
Q

Which CNS cells form the majority of the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

60
Q

What are the two cells of the PNS?

A

Satalite and schwan cells

61
Q

Which PNS cell is similar to the CNS astrocytes?

A

Satallite

62
Q

Why is Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes function similarly due to the fact that they both have a _______?

A

myelin sheath

63
Q

What are the thin strips of ligament that attach from the dura mater to the Pia mater directly attaches to spinal nerve.

A

Denticulate ligaments

64
Q

If I were to stab a pen through someone’s vertebral column what would that pen go through from superficial to deep?

A

Epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater.

65
Q

The lateral Gray horn contains what type of matter?

A

Visceral Moter

66
Q

The anterior gray horn contains what type of matter?

A

Somatic motor

67
Q

What allows both gray horns of the spinal cord to communicate?

A

The posterior and anterior gray commissures

68
Q

What are Tracts?

A

A bundle of axons within the CNS

69
Q

Ascending tracts do what? Be specific!

A

Take sensory input up the nervous system to the brain.

70
Q

Name two nerves that pass through the jugular foramen.

A

(9) Glossopharyngeal, (10) Vagus, and (11) Accessory.

71
Q

75% of the parasympathetic fibers come from branches of which cranial nerve?

A

The Vagus nerve (10)

72
Q

Which Cranial Nerves carry both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers? **

A

NONE

73
Q

Which Cranial Nerves innervate the salivary glands?

A

2 out of 3 are the (7) Facial nerve, and the last 1 of 3 the Glossopharyngeal (9) nerve.

74
Q

Where is the primary audio cortex located?

A

The temporal lobe

75
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

The Precentral gyrus of the Frontal Lobe

76
Q

The amount of sensory cortex devoted to a part of the body is directly proportional to ___________? **

A

The density of sensory receptors in that area.

77
Q

The amount of primary motor cortex devoted to a part of the body is directly proportional to _________?**

A

The number of muscles in that part of the body.

78
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex located?

A

The parietal lobe

79
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

Initiates muscle contraction. It knows where all of the muscles are at all times

80
Q

What forms the “Roof” of the diancephalon?

A

The Epithalamus

81
Q

The thalamus receives sensory input from almost everywhere. Where does it not?

A

The Olefactory system

82
Q

What part of the brain controls the subconscious balancing and movements of the muscles? i.e. arms swinging while walking

A

The midbrain or mesencephalon

83
Q

What causes the “funny bone” ?

A

The ulnar nerve running too close to the surface of the elbow.

84
Q
A

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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