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Human Anatomy > Exam 3: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 3: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglia are _____ and the post-ganglia are _____

A

Long, Short

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2
Q

In the Sympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglia are _____ and the post-ganglia are _____

A

Short, Long

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3
Q

The primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as _________

A

Rest + Digest

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4
Q

The primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is referred to as ________

A

Fight or Flight

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5
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is known to cause a body-wide response. What are the two responses that make this reaction body-wide.

A
  1. Causes the Adrenal gland to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, commonly known as Adrenaline.
  2. 1 preganglionic can synapse with as many as 30 postganglionic, causing a large divergence.
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6
Q

Where is “Adrenaline” produced?

A

In the sympathetic nervous system, in a small postganglion inside of the adrenal medulla

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of mastication?

A

The Trigeminal nerve, #5

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8
Q

What are the three branches of the Trigeminal Cranial Nerve?

A

Ophthalmic (sensory), Maxillary (sensory), and Mandibular (mixed)

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9
Q

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve is mixed?

A

The Mandibular Branch

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10
Q

Which two trigeminal nerves are sensory?

A

Ophthalmic and Maxillary

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11
Q

Which Cranial nerves pass through the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor (#3) and Trochlear (#4)

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12
Q

Which Cranial Nerves pass through the medulla, then jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal (#9), Vagus (#10), Accessory (#11)

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13
Q

Which Cranial Nerves innervate the tongue?

A

Facial (#7), Glossopharyngeal (#9), Hypoglossal (#12)

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14
Q

If a Dentist was to operate on your upper teeth, which branch of which cranial nerve would they sedate?

A

Maxillary branch of the Trigeminal nerve.

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15
Q

If a Dentist were to operate on your lower teeth, which branch of which cranial nerve would they sedate?

A

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

Which Cranial Nerves innervate the extraocular region?

A

Oculomotor (#3), Trochlear (#4), Abducens (#6).

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17
Q

Which Cranial Nerves pass through the Superior Orbital Fissure?

A

Oculomotor (#3), Trochlear (#4), Abducens (#6), and the Ophthalmic branch of the Trigeminal nerve, (#5).

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18
Q

Name three Cranial Nerves with Mixed motor/sensory functions.

A

Accessory (#11), Hypoglossal (#12), Glossopharyngeal (#9), Facial (#7), Trochlear (#4)

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19
Q

Name three Cranial nerves with Sensory only functions.

A

Olfactory (#1), Optic (#2),Vestibulocochlear (#8)

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20
Q

Name the Cranial nerves in order. Mnemonic given for assistance.
Oh Oh Oh! To Touch And Feel a Virgin Girl’s Vagina and Hymen.

A

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal.

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21
Q

Which Cranial Nerves have motor only functions?

A

Oculomotor (#3), Abducens (#6).

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22
Q

Which Cranial Nerve innervates the muscles that lift the eyelid?

A

Trochlear Nerve (#4)

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23
Q

State the Pathway of Cerebrospinal Fluid through the body, starting with the Choroid Plexus of the lateral ventricles.

A

Choroid Plexus of the Lateral Ventricles - Lateral Ventricles - Interventricular Foramina - Choroid Plexus of 3rd ventricle - aqueduct of midbrain - choroid plexus of 4th ventricle - Split 1, central canal of the Spinal Cord - Split 2, lateral + median apertures to the subarachnoid space - reabsorption at the superior sagittal sinus by the arachnoid granulations.

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24
Q

What and where reabsorbs CSF?

A

Arachnoid granulations at the superior sagittal sinus.

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25
Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
In the narrow space of the diencephalon.
26
State the Visual pathway in order, starting at the Retina.
Retina - Optic nerves - optic chiasma - optic tracts - lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus - optic projection fibers - visual cortex
27
Where is the Primary Sensory Cortex located?
Post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe
28
What and where in the brain does the processing of speech and language occur?
Broca's area in the frontal lobe
29
What is the primary function of the Medulla Oblongata?
Regulation of subconscious functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
30
What is the primary function of the Pons?
Relays the neural impulses for pain to the cerebellum
31
What is the primary function of the Thalamus?
Regulates sleep and alertness, relays motor/sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
32
What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus?
Homeostasis - autonomic nervous system - hormones
33
What is the primary function of the Cerebrum?
Processing of sensory information and controlling voluntary movements.
34
What structure divides the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Corpus Collosum
35
What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?
thoracolumbar
36
What is another name for the parasympathetic division?
craniosacral
37
Which cranial nerves are sympathetic? **
NONE
38
Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
3, Oculomotor, 9 Glossopharyngeal, 7, Facial. 10, Vagus.
39
Ganglia are _______?
cluster of nerve cell bodies
40
What is the first pathway of the sympathetic chain ganglion?
Synapse with postganglionic neruon, to postganglionic axon to effector
41
What is the second pathway of the sympathetic chain ganglion?
Up or down the sympathetic chain ganglion to grey ramus communicans synapse with the postganglion and effector
42
What is the third pathway of the sympathetic chain ganglion?
to the splanchnic nerve, to the collateral ganglia, to synapse with postganglion and effector
43
What are the destinations for the first two pathways of the sympathetic chain ganglion?
Body wall, limbs, head/neck, and organs of the thoracic cavity.
44
What is the fourth pathway of the sympathetic chain ganglion?
Greater Splanchnic Nerve - Celiac Ganglion - adrenal medulla - synapse with postganglion but NO AXON TO EFFECTOR. Epi and Norepi
45
What are the destinations for the 3rd pathway of sympathetic chain ganglion?
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
46
Name the Three splanchnic nerves.
Greater SN, Lesser SN, Lumbar SN
47
What is the collateral ganglion for the Greater Splanchnic Nerve?
Celiac ganglion
48
What is the collateral ganglion for the Lesser Splanchnic Nerve?
Superior Mesenteric
49
What is the collateral ganglion for the Lumbar Splanchnic nerve?
Inferior Mesenteric
50
What are the two areas of the Adrenal Gland?
Medulla and Cortex
51
Where is the headquarters for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
The hypothalamus.
52
What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.
53
What are the effectors of the somatic nervous system?
Skeletal Muscle
54
How do nerve impulses travel through the neuron?
Dendrites - soma - axon - cell body
55
What type of neural shape of special impulses?
bipolar
56
What is the shape of the efferent neurons?
Multipolar
57
What are the five modes of neuron organization and processing? **
Divergence, convergence, parallel processing, serial processing, and reverberation
58
Name the all 3 of the neuroglial cells
Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes
59
Which CNS cells form the majority of the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
60
What are the two cells of the PNS?
Satalite and schwan cells
61
Which PNS cell is similar to the CNS astrocytes?
Satallite
62
Why is Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes function similarly due to the fact that they both have a _______?
myelin sheath
63
What are the thin strips of ligament that attach from the dura mater to the Pia mater directly attaches to spinal nerve.
Denticulate ligaments
64
If I were to stab a pen through someone's vertebral column what would that pen go through from superficial to deep?
Epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater.
65
The lateral Gray horn contains what type of matter?
Visceral Moter
66
The anterior gray horn contains what type of matter?
Somatic motor
67
What allows both gray horns of the spinal cord to communicate?
The posterior and anterior gray commissures
68
What are Tracts?
A bundle of axons within the CNS
69
Ascending tracts do what? Be specific!
Take sensory input up the nervous system to the brain.
70
Name two nerves that pass through the jugular foramen.
(9) Glossopharyngeal, (10) Vagus, and (11) Accessory.
71
75% of the parasympathetic fibers come from branches of which cranial nerve?
The Vagus nerve (10)
72
Which Cranial Nerves carry both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers? **
NONE
73
Which Cranial Nerves innervate the salivary glands?
2 out of 3 are the (7) Facial nerve, and the last 1 of 3 the Glossopharyngeal (9) nerve.
74
Where is the primary audio cortex located?
The temporal lobe
75
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
The Precentral gyrus of the Frontal Lobe
76
The amount of sensory cortex devoted to a part of the body is directly proportional to ___________? **
The density of sensory receptors in that area.
77
The amount of primary motor cortex devoted to a part of the body is directly proportional to _________?**
The number of muscles in that part of the body.
78
Where is the primary sensory cortex located?
The parietal lobe
79
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Initiates muscle contraction. It knows where all of the muscles are at all times
80
What forms the "Roof" of the diancephalon?
The Epithalamus
81
The thalamus receives sensory input from almost everywhere. Where does it not?
The Olefactory system
82
What part of the brain controls the subconscious balancing and movements of the muscles? i.e. arms swinging while walking
The midbrain or mesencephalon
83
What causes the "funny bone" ?
The ulnar nerve running too close to the surface of the elbow.
84

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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