final exam Flashcards
chapters- 10,11,12,13
what is power? what are the sources?
Power - ability to influence the behavior of others and to resit their influence on us
Sources of power- from interdependency perspective, power is based on control of valuable resources
- Possess the resources, one need only to control access to them
- Power varies- other person’s desire vs the need for the resources
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Power is reduced if the desired resources are readily available elsewhere
Principle of lesser interest. what can they control
more dependent= less power
Fate control- one can control partners outcomes. When have the power, can determine more, etc. how often they have sex
Behavior control- by changing one’s own behavior, one encourages a partner to alter his or her actions in a desirable direction
Etc. woman offers to provide massage, if husband empties the garbage
power resources-
- reward and coercive power
- legitimate power
- referent power
- expert power
- informational power
reward- power use of rewards
coercive- power based on punishments
- legitimate power
(think we have the right to tell other partner what to do) - referent power
(when partner adores us, wishes to do what we want because they feel connected - expert power
(recognizes superior knowledge, influeneces us- we know more than them) - informational power
(exists when have information other person wants)
examples why males take dominance for granted
relative resources- get paid more than woman do
- woman earn 82% as much as men
- money is a source of power
social norms
- support and maintain male dominance
conversation
- interactions with the other sex, men interrupt woman more
coercive power-
larger in size and greater strength
stalking and violence
16% of woman get stalked
7% males
violence
1/4 woman
1/7 men
Have experienced severe physical violence from their partner in the past yea
United Nations 30% of worlds woman
4 elements of equality
Relative status- what’s important between the two, whose interest matter more?
Attention to the other- who is more likely to notice or attend to the feelings/needs of their partner
Patterns in accommodation - accommodations taken for granted
Well being - which economic success is valued more?, does one persons well being come at the expense of the others health
Benevolent
Benevolent- display concern for the welfare of their partners, use their influence to benefit both themselves and their partner
3 types of relational violence
Situational couple violence- tied to specific arguments, usually mild, unlikely to escalate into something more serious
Intimate terrorist- use violence as a tool to control the other, more likely to be one sides, escalate over time
Violence resistance- fight back against intimate terroism
Other types of power and control included in intimate violence-
5- other types of control besides violence abuse.
Isolation- controlling where they go, who they see
Imitation threading, destroying property, hurting pets
Economic abuse
Emotional abuse -“this is your fault”
Minimizing- denying the abuse
do woman engage in as much violence
Woman engage in just as much violence, men more likely to do more harm
Men more likely to beat
Woman, bite, kick
80% intimate terrosit are male 8/9 terrorist acts are male
I - cubbed model
(situational couple violence)
what type of influences
Instigating triggers-\
- something triggers them to be upset
Impelling influences
- when someone already triggered and problem get brought up
Inhibiting influences
- encourage partners to refrain acting on impulses
Influences include.
Distal influences- from ones background (Cultural norms, economic conditions)
Dispositional influences- personality traits and long lasting beliefs
Relational- current state of their relationship
Situational influences- include immediate circumstances
prevalence of divorce
how long average marriage lasts
50%
18 years
reasons for increased divorce
Demanding expectations
- people except more than they used to (asked to be lovers, friends and mutual therapist)
Women work outside the home
- both partners have access to money and alternative partners
Western culture is more individualistic
- Disconnected from our communities, we rely on our spouses for more social support than before
Gender roles are changing
- Woman becoming more assertive and self reliant
Divorce is less shameful and easier to obtain
Tend to feel that no- fault divorce is more desirable responseto a bad mariage than our grandparents did
Cohabitation is more prevalent
- Casual cohabitation leads to less respect for marriage abd increases peoples willingness to divorce
There are more children of divorce
If they experience divorce of their parents, more likely to divorce
The Predictors of Divorce
Levinger’s Barrier model - three factors of breakups
Attraction - desire to remain in a partnership is enhanced by its rewards but diminished by its cost
Alternatives - tempting alternatives increase the appeal of leaving one’s current partner
Barriers - various of social pressures, religious constraints, and financial cost may make it hard to leave
PAIR- Processes of adaptation in intimate relationships
Enduring dynamics-
Spouses may bring to their marriage problems that surfaced during courtship
Emergent distress
Difficulties that will ruin some marriages usually develop later
Disillusionment
Began their marriages with romanticized views of their relationships that are unrealistically positive
Romance fades and disappointment gradually sets in
Karney and bradbury adaption model
Enduring vulnerabilities
- Poor education, Maladaptive personality traits, Bad social skills, Dysfunctionality towards marriage
Adaptive processes
How people respond to stress
Stressful events
Need a partner to provide support and to adjust to new circumstances
Stress spillover- bring our bad moods home
main reasons that claim to cause divorce
Infidilety
Incompatibility
Drinking or substance use
Grew apart
predictors of divorce
Socioeconomic status
– low incomes and low education
Race
Social mobility
- move from place to place .
Age at marriage
- marry as teens are more prone to divorce than those marry later.
Prior marriage
– second marriages are more likely to end in divorce than first marriages are.
Personality – the higher one’s neuroticism, the more likely one is to divorce.
Attachment style
- high in avoidance of intimacy are more likely to divorce.
Genetics – a person with an identical twin who divorces is more likely to divorce
Marital satisfaction – people who are more satisfied
breaking up
Tell people indirectly
Disconnect usually grows gradually rather than suddenly
Most of the time only ONE of the partners want the relationship to end
Absence of repair attempts- formal effort to repair the relationship
Rules of a relationship
Rules of a relationship
autonomy - don’t be too possessive
similarity - don’t be too different
supportiveness - thoughtful and considerate
Openness- self disclose
Fidelity- dont cheat, be loyal
Togetherness- spend time together
Equity- don’t exploit your partner
Magic- be romantic
steps of a divorce
Personal phase-
one partner grows dissatisfied
Dyadic phase
- discontent is revealed and confrontation, negotiation and attempts at reconciliation may occur
Social phase- publicize their distress, seek support from friends and family
grave-dressing phase- put p\the failed relationship behind them using reassessment, and accounts, rationalization
Resurrection phase- re-enter social life as singles
impact of the divorce on children
Parental loss- less well off with one parent
Parental stress- parents own difficulties may effect the quality of their parenting
Economic hardship- poverty that follows divorce, is damaging
Parental conflict- interactions between ones parents may cause anxiety and stress
perceived relational value
Degree to which others consider their relationships with us to be valuable and important- is lower than we would like it
maximal, active, passive, ambivalence inclusion and exclusion
Maximal inclusion- seek and go out of their way to interact with us
Active inclusion- want us and welcome us, don’t go to great lengths to be with us
Passive inclusion- allow us to be included - like let them into a party
Ambivalence- do not care if we are included or not
Passive exclusion- others ignore us but don’t avoid us
Active exclusion- avoid us, tolerate our presence only when necessary
Maximal exclusion- banish us, sending us away, abandon us
