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PSYCH 381 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Know types of olfactory receptors

A
  • odorant receptors (ORs)
  • vomeronasal receptors (V1Rs and V2Rs)
  • trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs)
  • formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
  • guanylyl cyclase GC-D
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2
Q

Oxytocin

A

released during intimate moments such as nutriting behavior, hugging, or sex, known as the bonding hormone

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3
Q

Vasopressin

A

increase the absorption of sodium in the kidneys, holds onto water in the kidneys)
Changes behaviors

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4
Q

Know posterior pituitary hormones

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin

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5
Q

Know anterior pituitary hormones

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- Controls secretions of the adrenal cortex

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Controls secretions of the thyroid gland

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Controls secretions of the gonads

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Controls secretions of the gonads

Prolactin
- Controls secretions of the mammary glands

Growth hormone (GH)
- Promotes growth throughout the body

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6
Q

Know about Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

rare behavioral impairment that is associated with damage to both of the anterior temporal lobes (hippocampus + amygdala) of the brain.

It causes individuals to put objects in their mouths and engage in inappropriate sexual behavior.

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7
Q

Know about melatonin release

A
  • Secreted from the pineal gland during the dark phase of the light-dark cycle
  • Causes sleepiness
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8
Q

Know about when the different stages of sleep occur

A

Four stages of non-REM sleep

Stage 1 -> Shallow
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4 -> Deep/slow-wave/critical

We go through one cycle of Non-REM sleep before we hit REM sleep for the first time. After this, we get REM every 90 minutes. REM density happens towards the later part of our sleep cycle

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9
Q

Characteristics of schizophrenia

A
  • Delusions: beliefs that distort reality
  • Hallucination: distorted perceptions
  • Disorganized speech
  • Disorganized behavior or excessive agitation
  • Catatonic behavior: not moving, stiff/rigid posture,
  • Negative symptoms: blunted emotions or loss of interest and drive, the absence of some normal response
  • Cognitive symptoms, quite impairing, ex: attention, memory, executive functioning
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10
Q

Neural Circuit for Emotional Memories

A

Amygdala is critical for emotional memory

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11
Q

Neural Circuit for Implicit Memories

A

Basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, substantia nigra, premotor cortex

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12
Q

Neural Circuit for Explicit Memories

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Entorhinal cortex
Parahippocampal cortex
Perirhinal cortex

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13
Q

Know brain structures associated with memory

A
  • Cerebellum (general)
  • Hippocampus (stm to ltm)
  • amygdala (emotional)
  • basal ganglia and premotor cortex (implicit memory)
  • Hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex (explicit)
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14
Q

Know which neurotransmitter is involved with strengthening synaptic connections

A

High estrogen -> more dendritic spines in hippocampus

High testosterone -> more dendritic spines in neocortex

Overall glutamate supports the formation of synaptic connections

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15
Q

Know what the temporal association cortex does

A

function: recognition and identification of stimuli that are attended to, particularly complex stimuli.

damage to this area creates visual agnosia

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16
Q

Review the Wisconsin card-sorting task

A

Used to measure higher-level cognitive processes

Involves the prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

Know differences between the brain structures of men and women

A
  • Females have a larger prefrontal and frontal cortex, superior temporal cortex, lateral parietal cortex, and insula.
  • Males have larger ventral temporal and occipital regions.
  • Women have higher verbal ability. More white matter.
  • Men have higher spatial intelligence. More grey matter.
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18
Q

Know contralateral neglect

A

Define: Ignoring a part of the body on the side opposite that of the brain injury

Damage to the parietal association cortex
produces contralateral neglect

Neglect is particularly severe in right-hemisphere damage

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19
Q

Review lewy bodies

A

Define: a buildup of abnormal protein particles in their brain tissue causes by the decay of brain tissues

Composed of alphasinculean

Found in the brain tissue of people with Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD).

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20
Q

Review the blood-brain barrier

A

capillaries in the brain consisting of astrocytes and endothelial cells (tight junctions)

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21
Q

Review multiple sclerosis

A

Characterized by loss of myelin in motor and sensory nerves
- Oligodendroglia cells that form the myelin sheath are destroyed

Relapses and remissions are common
- Brain imaging reveals discrete lesions

Higher the latitude on the earth, the more likely the person will get MS -> MS latitude gradient

Proposed causes include bacterial infection, virus (epstein-barr virus) , environmental factors including pesticides, an immune response of the CNS< misfolded proteins, lack of vitamin D

MS is an autoimmune disease

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22
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles that worsens after periods of activity and improves after periods of rest.

Neurotransmitter: ACETYLCHOLINE

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23
Q

Know addiction pathway

A

Mesolimic Dopamine Pathway

Ventral tegmental area -> nucleus accumbens -> prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

Review stress response and how it is inhibited

A

HPA
- Controls the production and release of hormones related to stress
- Stress stimulates HPA to secrete corticotropin hormone to tell the pituitary gland to releases cortisol

Hippocampus
- shuts off amygdala and regulates cortisol

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25
Q

Patient GH

A
  • Damage to the right parietal lobe
  • Difficulty with copying drawing, assembling puzzles, and navigating around familiar places
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26
Q

Patient MM

A
  • Damage to the left parietal lobe
  • Difficulty with language, copying movements, reading, arithmetic, generating names of objects or animals
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27
Q

Patient HM

A
  • Scoville performed bilaterally and simultaneously removed the hippocampus and amygdala other medial temporal lobe structures
  • Afterwards, he can’t convert STM to LTM
  • Impairment to explicit memories but he could perform implicit memory tests
  • LTM before the surgery remained intact
  • LEARNED THAT HIPPOCAMPUS DOES NOT STORE LONG TERM MEMORIES
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28
Q

Patient JK

A
  • Impaired implicit memory with intact explicit memory
  • Developed parkinson disease in his mid-70s
  • DAMAGE to the basal ganglia
  • Impaired ability to perform tasks that he had done all his life
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29
Q

Review visual agnosias

A

a condition in which a person can see but cannot recognize or interpret visual information

Occurs due to damage in the temporal association cortex

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30
Q

Review receptive fields

A

A specific region of sensory space in which an appropriate stimulus can drive an electrical response in a sensory neuron

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31
Q

Know pathway that connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

A

arcuate fasciculus

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32
Q

Review old quiz questions

A

aye aye captain

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33
Q

Review Tay Sach’s disease

A

recessive allele is passed down and in turn, this person misses an enzyme that breaks down fatty substances. This leads to build up to toxic levels of these substances that damages the brain, spinal cord, and ultimately leads to death

  • Disorder or lipid metabolism
  • intellectual disability, physical changes, and death by about age 5
  • Caused by a recessive allele on chromosome 15.
  • Common in Ashkenazi Jews
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34
Q

Structure of the basal ganglia

A
  • globus pallidus
  • putamen
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra.
  • caudate nucleus
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35
Q

Substantia nigra.

A

It produces dopamine, which controls movements and muscle tone

feeds info in the basal ganglia based on the amount of dopamine

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36
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

modulation of movement. It helps to modulate movement through the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia with the other components of the basal ganglia

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37
Q

Globus pallidus

A
  • volume control on the motor cortex
  • if the globus pallidus internal is inhibited, and the pathway is freed to produce movement
  • if the globus pallidus is activated it inhibits the thalamus, thus blocking movement
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38
Q

Putamen

A

Voluntary movement and rewards, Damage may cause dyskinesis

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39
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Voluntary movement and rewards, Damage may cause dyskinesis

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40
Q

Structure of the striatum

A

Caudate and putamen

contains neuronal activity related to movements, rewards and the conjunction of both movement and reward.

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41
Q

Structure of the ventral striatum

A

Nucleus accumbens

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42
Q

Review the auditory pathway

A

Cochlear nucleus ->
olivary complex ->
inferior colliculus ->
medial geniculate nucleus ->
auditory cortex

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43
Q

Review the auditory anatomy

A

Pinna -> ear canal -> eardrum -> ossicles -> oval window -> cochlear fluid -> basal and tectorial membranes -> cilia

  1. Pinna catches sound waves in the ear canal
  2. Waves amplified and directed to the eardrum
  3. Eardrum vibrates the ossicles
  4. Ossicles amplify vibrations to the oval window
  5. Vibration of oval window sends waves through cochlear fluid
  6. Waves cause the basilar and tectorial membranes to bend
  7. Membrane bends cause cilia of inner hair cells to bend and generate neural activity towards nerve fibers
44
Q

Cerebellum function and connection

A
  • Accounts for 80% of the brain’s neurons
  • Cerebellum connects with the neocortex
  • Cerebellum is critical in producing fine movements and perceptions and be associated with working memory, attention, language, music, and decision making processes
45
Q

Review the pathway and structure of the olfactory system

A

Olfactory mucosa -> Cilia in the Nasal epithelium -> through the cribriform plate (bone) -> pyriform cortex/cranial nerve 1

All occurs in olfactory bulb which then takes it to the brain in the pyriform cortex

46
Q

Pheromones

A

biochemical released by one animal that act as chemosignals to affect the physiology or behavior of another animal

(Humans have pheromones but we do not have an active vomeronasal organs)

47
Q

Vomeronasal Organ

A

accessory olfactory system that is involved in pheromones

48
Q

HPA

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal circuit

49
Q

Dorsal visual pathway

A

Pathway that originates in the occipital cortex and projects to the parietal cortex
- The HOW pathway (how action is to be guided toward objects)

50
Q

Retinohypothalamic visual pathway

A
  • Synapses in the tiny suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
  • Roles in regulating circadian rhythms and in the pupillary reflex
51
Q

Layers of lateral geniculate nucleus

A
  • Layers 3-6 are parvocellular (color)
  • Layers 1-2 are magnocellular (light + moving stimuli)

plays an essential role in normal visual processing.

52
Q

Ventral visual pathway

A
  • Pathway that originates in the occipital cortex and projects to the temporal cortex
  • The WHAT pathway (identifies an object)
53
Q

Geniculostriate system

A

Projections from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex

54
Q

Tectopulvinar system

A

Projections from the retina to the superior colliculus to the pulvinar (back of the thalamus) to the parietal and temporal visual areas

55
Q

Visual system

A

rods and cones -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve -> Geniculostriate system
OR Tectopulvinar system

56
Q

Brain regions associated with implicit memories

A

Basal ganglia and premotor cortex

57
Q

Brain regions associated emotional memories

A

amygdala and brainstem

58
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

In response to stimulation at a synapse, changed amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential that lasts for hours to days or longer. THE SYNAPSE IS STRENGTHENED

Plays a part in associative learning

CHECK THIS

59
Q

Long-term depression

A
  • a mechanism for cleaning our old memories. Opposite of LTP
  • Glutamate is released on these postsynaptic membrane, binds to AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors
  • After NMDA receptors open, Ca enters the postsynaptic neuron, altering the postsynaptic neuron
  • AMPA receptors leave the synaptic junction
60
Q

Monozygotic twins can be discordant with schizophrenia. The twin with schizophrenia would have _____________

A

Large ventricles

61
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A
  • Rapidly progressing dementia
  • Eating cows with mad cow disease, causes our proteins to misfold
  • Prion disease where the proteins are abnormally folded
62
Q

Other name for mad cow disease

A

Bovinespongaformencephalopy

63
Q

Action Potentials (what do they represent?)

A

nerve pulse: Propagation of an action potential on the membrane of an axon

A WAVE OF DEPOLARIZATION ACROSS THE MEMBRANE, THIS IS THE SIGNAL

64
Q

Ions in hyperpolarization

A

K+ efflux and Cl- influx

65
Q

Ions in depolarization

A

Na+ influx

66
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

the action potential jumps rapidly from node to node, doesn’t need to restart the action potential

67
Q

Naloxone

A

an antagonist, competes and beats the opioid so that it will not go on that receptor making it an competitive inhibitor

68
Q

Difference between Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia -> inability to speak fluently despite having normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms

wernicke’s aphasia -> inability to produce meaningful language even though the production of words is still intact

69
Q

Insula

A

gustatory and sensorimotor processing, risk-reward behavior, autonomics, pain pathways, and auditory and vestibular functioning. It is because of insula that people are able to perceive pain and have the awareness about their body and self.

70
Q

Insomnia

A
  • Disorder of slow-wave sleep resulting in prolonged ability to sleep
  • Multiple causes such as anxiety, depression, fatal familial insomnia (lack of REM), chromosome 20
  • Symptom rather than a disorder
71
Q

Drug dependence insomnia

A

Condition resulting from continuous use of sleeping pills, drug tolerance also results in deprivation of either R-sleep or N-sleep, often leading the user to increase the drug dosage

72
Q

Narcolepsy

A
  • Slow-wave sleep disorder in which a person uncontrollably falls asleep at inappropriate times
  • Drugs that stimulate dopamines transmission are helpful
  • Cataplexy can result, intrusion of atonia
  • Sleep paralysis
  • Intrusion of R-sleep into a waking sleep
73
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Inability to breathe during sleep
Person has to wake up to breathe

74
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Atonia and dreaming when a person is awake, usually just falling asleep or waking up

75
Q

Cataplexy

A

Form of narcolepsy linked to strong emotional stimulation in which an animal loses all muscle activity or tone, as if in r-sleep, while awake

76
Q

Hypnagogic hallucination

A

Dreamlike event while you’re falling asleep or while a person is in a state of cataplexy

77
Q

R-sleep behavioral disorder

A
  • People who display this behave as though as they are acting out their dreams
  • The disorder affects some people who take antidepressant drugs
  • The disorder can be treated with benzos, antianxiety drugs that block r-sleep
78
Q

People with sleep disorders often have a low level of _________

A

Orexin

79
Q

Two brainstem systems influence waking

A

Basal forebrain and Median raphe nucleus (midbrain)

80
Q

Basal Forebrain

A

Contains cholinergic cells that secrete acetylcholine onto neocortical neurons that stimulate a waking EEG rhythms

81
Q

Median raphe nucleus (midbrain)

A

Contains serotonin neurons that project diffusely to the neocortex, stimulants beta rhythms

82
Q

Medial Pontine reticular Formation (MPRF)

A

Nucleus in the pons participating in R-sleep, produces the atonia of sleep

83
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A
  • Large reticulum that runs through the center of the brainstem
  • Associated with sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal
  • Often called the reticular formation
  • Stimulation of the RAS produces a waking EEG
    -Produces a slow wave EEG, can result in a coma
  • Main source of waking, not the only one
84
Q

Causes of Alzheimers disease

A

Genetics only accounts for 1% of all alzheimer’s causes
Cause is unknown but many have been proposed
Low education attainment is a risk factor, high education attainment is a protective factor

85
Q

Anatomical correlates of alzheimers

A

Amyloid plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles

86
Q

Amyloid plaques

A

Composed of hyperphosphorylated tau
Located mostly in the cerebral cortex
Also found in non-alzheimer dementia

87
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Composed of hyperphosphorylated tau
Paired helical filaments found in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus

88
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Loss of cells in substantial nigra
Highly associated with dementia
Basic motor symptoms
Tremors
Slow movement
Mask-like expression
Loss of eye blinking
Arm hang
Loss of posture
Causes
Environmental pollutant and many others

89
Q

Lesions here can be used to treat parkinson’s disease

A

Internal globus pallidus

90
Q

Negative effects of drugs used to schizophrenia

A
  • Drugs that treat schizo can result in abnormal movement disorders
  • Some antipsychotic medications can cause tardive dyskinesia: Abnormal movements and behaviors
91
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

A dominant gene disorder that causes intellectual impairment and clumsiness

Caused by a mutation in a gene that creates a protein responsible for breaking down DNA

92
Q

SUDEP

A

Sudden unexpected death from epilepsy

93
Q

R sleep is abolished if we damage the ____________ of medial pontine reticular formation

A

peribrachial area

94
Q

BRAC

A
  • Recurring cycle of temporal packets (90 minutes) during which an animal’s level of arousal waxes and wanes
  • So fundamental that it cannot be turned off even at night
95
Q

function of prefrontal association cortex

A

Produces cognition.

96
Q

Long-term potentiation involves increased numbers of

A

AMPA receptors.

97
Q

Associative learning is a form of

A

implicit memory

98
Q

Abnormalities of which neurotransmitter are associated with narcolepsy?

A

Orexin

99
Q

REM-sleep behavior disorder could potentially lead to _________________

A

Parkinson’s disease.

100
Q

Damage to which region tends to result in hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movements?

A

Caudate

101
Q

The interaural intensity difference is detected in the

A

Lateral part of the superior olive and the trapezoid body.

102
Q

From outside to inside, which is the correct order?

A

Skull, dura mater, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater, brain.

103
Q

Which three cranial nerves are involved with eye movements?

A

oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

104
Q

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor binds to which neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

105
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP) is

A

glutamate antagonist

PSYCH 381 (12 decks)

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