Chapter 2: Modern Human Brain Size and Intelligence

Question 1

Divisions of the nervous system

Answer 1

CNS, PNS (SNS, ANS, ENS)

Question 2

Brain surface features (skull, dura mater, etc.)

Answer 2

A triple-layered covering of meninges, encases the brain and spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the brain

Meninges -> dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

CSF decreases the weight of the brain, floating in suspension,

Question 3

Lobes of the brain and their functions

Answer 3

Frontal (executive function)
Planning, memory, inhibition, arousal

Parietal (sensory integration)
Where we are in space, determining our environment

Temporal (auditory, taste, smell, memory)
Initial processing

Occipital (visual)

Question 4

Major cerebral arteries

Answer 4

Anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery

The brain needs OXYGEN and GLUCOSE from the blood and the blood is transport for getting rid of metabolic waste properties

Question 5

Ventricles and choroid plexus

Answer 5

Ventricles are filled with cerebral spinal fluid
Choroid plexus: A network of blood vessels and cells in the ventricles of the brain

Lateral ventricles
Third and Fourth ventricles (Connected by the cerebral aqueduct)
Central canal: feeds from the brain stem

Question 6

Structures in the brainstem and their functions

Answer 6

Begins where the spinal cord enters the skill
- Receives afferent nerves coming from sense (dorsal) and sends efferent nerves (ventral) out to control movements

Diencephalon, Midbrain, Hindbrain (pons, medulla, etc.), Cerebellum

Question 7

Structures in the hindbrain

Answer 7

Oldest part of the brain evolutionarily

Cerebellum: associated with cognitive function
The majority of the neurons are found in the cerebellum

Reticular formation: associated with sleep/wake behavior and behavioral arousal

Pons: handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing

Medulla: helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

Question 8

Structures in midbrain

Answer 8

Structures in the midbrain are critical for producing orienting movements, species-specific behaviors, and pain perception

The tegmenjtum in cross section, revealing various nuclei

Substantia nigra: involved in the development of parkinson’s disease, these cells die off with parkinson, abnormal movements is a response to these cells dying off

Red nucleus: limb movements, eye movements

Superior colliculus: receives visual input

Inferior colliculus: receives auditory input

Question 9

Structures in diencephalon

Answer 9

The between brain, which integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

Consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Hypothalamus
Contains many nuclei (22) associated with temperature and hormone regulation, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior
Instructs the pituitary gland

Thalamus (central station)
Information from all sensory systems is organized, integrated, projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex. It has approximately 20 nuclei

Question 10

The limbic system structures

Answer 10

amygdala: anxiety and fear

hippocampus: learning and memory. It is a plastic and vulnerable structure that gets damaged by a variety of stimuli. Studies have shown that it also gets affected in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

thalamus:

hypothalamus:

basal ganglia: regulation of movement, editing movement, w/o it’s very jerky,

cingulate gyrus: helps regulate emotions and pain, situated right above the corpus collosum

Question 11

Basal ganglia structures

Answer 11

Caudate nucleus

putamen

Internal globus pallidus

External globus pallidus

Substantia nigra

Question 12

Cranial nerves and their function

Answer 12

1. Olfactory Nerve
   Smell, olfactory epithelium
2. Optic Nerve
   Afferent information from the retina to the brain
3. Ocular motor
   Eye movements
4. Trocriluar nerve
   Eye movements
5. Trigeminal nerve
   Sensation to the face
6. Abducens nerve
   Eye movement
7. Facial Nerve
   Movements of the face
8. Auditory nerve
   Balance, hearing, inner ear to brain
9. Glosofirental nerve
   tongue
10. Vagus nerve
    Connected to various organs, stimulate this nerve to stimulate through the brainstem to treat depression
11. Accessory nerve
    Neck nerves
12. Hypoglossal nerve
    Tongue and motor movement

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Question 13

Cerebellum

Answer 13

major brainstem structure specialized for learning and coordinating movement, assists the cerebrum in generating many behaviors

Very densely packed with neurons