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Ecology > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Biogeography

A

is the study of organisms, both past and present
it is the goal to describe and understand the many patterns in the distribution of species

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2
Q

historical biogeography

A

is concerned with the reconstruction of the origin, dispersal, and extinction of various taxa

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3
Q

ecological biogeography

A

the study of the present distribution of life and the interaction between the organism and the environment

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4
Q

Sir Joesph Banks

A

driven by ravenous curiosity, blessed with immense wealth, 18th-century British gentleman began a great flowering of natural sciences
painting by ben west (1771) usher gallery

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5
Q

Charles Wilkes

A

Led US exploration expedition
US Ex. Ex. collection

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6
Q

Johannas Warming

A

placed plant morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and biogeography into a coherent whole
wrote the first textbook on plant ecology, taught the first university course in ecology and gave the concept its meaning and content

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7
Q

turnover rate

A

the rate at which one species is lost and a replacement is gained

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8
Q

Edward O. Wilson

A

wrote “the diversity of life”
the book is on the loss of biodiversity around the world

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9
Q

rescue effect

A

extinction of a dwindling population may be slowed or even halted by an influx of immigrants (Brown and Kodrich-Brown)

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10
Q

landscape mosaic

A

when you fly over the land you see a quilt-work of different types of land cover
The landscape mosaic is also
clusters of local communities
repeated in a similar manner
over a wide area.

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11
Q

ecotone

A

in cases where one vegetation patch blends with another with the transition zone
highly diverse and unique community

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12
Q

Edge interactions

A

edge effect may increase species diversity, but it can also create ecological problems
edges, especially abrupt ones, attract mammalian and avian predators

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13
Q

law of the edge

A

Aldo Leopold stated that the potential abundance of wildlife species with small homes ranges that require two or more vegetation types is roughly proportional to the sum of the edge

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14
Q

corridors

A

are strips of vegetation linking one patch with another on the landscape
vegetation of the corridor is similar to the patches it connects but different from the surrounding landscape in which they are set
can act as filters, providing dispersal routes for some species but not others, various sized gaps in corridors allow certain organisms to cross and not others

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15
Q

metapopulations

A

habitats scattered as landscape patches, large and small, are inhabited by spatially separated subpopulations

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16
Q

biomes

A

characterizes by uniform life form of vegetation, such as grassland or coniferous forest
broad plant formations and their associated animals life as biotic units

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17
Q

ecoregions

A

are major ecosystems that result from predictable patterns of climate as influenced by latitude, local position, and altitude

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18
Q

C. Hart Merriam

A

described the life zones of a mountain environment
first ecologist to define precisely the relationship between climate and vegetation
developed his life zone system after observing the sharp donation of vegetation on San Fran Mountain in Arizona

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19
Q

Humboldt

A

describe vegetation in terms of outward appearance, correlated vegetation types with environmental characteristics and coined the term plant association

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20
Q

endemic

A

endemic animals and plants are those restricted to a given region or found in that region and nowhere else
the mountain beaver is only found in the pacific northwest of North America

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21
Q

Sir Alfred Wallace

A

came up with natural selection at the same time as darwin and got him to release his book faster

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22
Q

mountains and merriams life zones

A

Merriam became the first ecologist to define precisely the relationship between climate and vegetation
based on zonation of vegetation on San Francisco Mountain in Arizona
-desert
-pinon
-pine
-fir
-spruce
-timber
-alpine

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23
Q

climate-induced patterns of vegetation are influenced by

A
  1. latitude
  2. the location of regions within a continental land mass, which affects the amount of moisture they receive
  3. altitude, in which mountains modify the climate pattern
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24
Q

continental zonations

A

two broad belts of vegetation stretching east and west, the tundra and boreal, are influenced by temperature
south of these belts the vegetation patterns are controlled by precipitation and temperature in the east
the west altitude is added to the biogeographical mosaic

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25
Q

aerenchyma

A

hollow tubes from leaf to root through which oxygen diffuses

26
Q

spartina is replaced by

A

mangrove forests

27
Q

Charles darwin

A

wrote the origin of species on the theory of natural selection
theory of coral reefs and atoll development

28
Q

HMS Challenger

A

set out from Portsmouth England to seek answers to fundamental questions such as how deep is the sea and what is it like on the ocean floor, is there life in the great depths
lots of data collected
it took 19 years to publish the results which fill 50 thick volumes
more info about the ocean ever recorded in all previous human history

29
Q

Charles Lyell

A

wrote principles of geology. In it Lyell argued that although animals and plants on this planet has been indeed created by God in an instant and never changed since, the planet itself has been changing restlessly beneath them
or the earths crust was being continually created and destroyed

30
Q

Marie Tharp

A

spent the fall of 1952 mapping and sonar surveys of ocean floor resulted in the discovery of the mid-ocean ridge system, a continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains that encircles the globe

31
Q

mid-ocean ridge

A

is the largest geologic feature on the planet

32
Q

four zones in subarctic division

A

forest-tundra
open boreal or taiga
main (closed) boreal forest
boreal-mixed forests

33
Q

why are there no trees in the tundra

A

permafrost

34
Q

forest-tundra

A

opens stands of stunted spruce, lichens, moss, cold lakes and bogs

35
Q

open boreal or taiga

A

lichen-black spruce woodland, very old age forest

36
Q

main (closed) boreal forest

A

continuous stands of coniferous trees, broken by poplar and birch on disturbed areas

37
Q

boreal-mixed forests

A

southern Canada and the Northern United States (boreal forests mix the Northern hardwood forests)

38
Q

heaviest trees

A

sequoia

39
Q

tallest trees

A

redwoods

40
Q

first angiosperms

A

archaefructus liaoningensis
140 million years old

41
Q

American chestnut story

A

ornamental plants went into New York and picked up blight
it spread through tissues and cuts off tree from water and nutrients through the roots
almost went extinct but once was a dominant tree
Japanese/Chinese chestnut is resistant to blight and could save species in America by making American chestnut resistant as well

42
Q

limnology

A

the study of freshwater ecosystems

43
Q

lentic

A

body of water is running body or water such as a stream or a river

44
Q

layers in a lake

A

epilimnion- the warm upper layer that is not easily mixed with the denser water below
metalimnion- is the middle mass that is characterized by steep and rapid decline in temperature of about 1 degree C for each meter in depth. (thermocline)

45
Q

thermocline

A

temperature gradient

46
Q

hypolimnion

A

the deep cold layer cut off from the air above

47
Q

periphyton

A

those organisms that have the ability to hold on in fast streams

48
Q

shredders

A

are invertebrates that feed on leaves and other large organic particles these include: larvae of caddislflies, stoneflies, crayfish

49
Q

collectors

A

are filter feeders including black flies, and net-spinning caddisflies

50
Q

scrapers

A

feed on the algal coatings of stones and rubble included are the water penny (a beetle) and more caddisflies

51
Q

littoral zone

A

shallow water

52
Q

limnetic zone

A

open water

53
Q

benthic zone

A

bottom of the lake

54
Q

compensation level

A

is the place above which photosynthesis can take place

55
Q

pelagic region

A

whole body of water

56
Q

benthic region

A

bottom

57
Q

photic zone

A

surface to 200M

58
Q

mesopelagic

A

200M to 1000M
low light, temperature gradient without seasonal variation

59
Q

bathypelagic

A

1000M to abyssal plain
No light, low temp, high pressure

60
Q

neritic province

A

water that overlies the continental shelf

61
Q

oceanic province

A

water that overlies the ocean plains down to 6000M

62
Q

abyssal pelagic

A

deep water just over the plains

Ecology (12 decks)

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