Final exam

Question 1

Biogeography

Answer 1

is the study of organisms, both past and present
it is the goal to describe and understand the many patterns in the distribution of species

Question 2

historical biogeography

Answer 2

is concerned with the reconstruction of the origin, dispersal, and extinction of various taxa

Question 3

ecological biogeography

Answer 3

the study of the present distribution of life and the interaction between the organism and the environment

Question 4

Sir Joesph Banks

Answer 4

driven by ravenous curiosity, blessed with immense wealth, 18th-century British gentleman began a great flowering of natural sciences
painting by ben west (1771) usher gallery

Question 5

Charles Wilkes

Answer 5

Led US exploration expedition
US Ex. Ex. collection

Question 6

Johannas Warming

Answer 6

placed plant morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and biogeography into a coherent whole
wrote the first textbook on plant ecology, taught the first university course in ecology and gave the concept its meaning and content

Question 7

turnover rate

Answer 7

the rate at which one species is lost and a replacement is gained

Question 8

Edward O. Wilson

Answer 8

wrote “the diversity of life”
the book is on the loss of biodiversity around the world

Question 9

rescue effect

Answer 9

extinction of a dwindling population may be slowed or even halted by an influx of immigrants (Brown and Kodrich-Brown)

Question 10

landscape mosaic

Answer 10

when you fly over the land you see a quilt-work of different types of land cover
The landscape mosaic is also
clusters of local communities
repeated in a similar manner
over a wide area.

Question 11

ecotone

Answer 11

in cases where one vegetation patch blends with another with the transition zone
highly diverse and unique community

Question 12

Edge interactions

Answer 12

edge effect may increase species diversity, but it can also create ecological problems
edges, especially abrupt ones, attract mammalian and avian predators

Question 13

law of the edge

Answer 13

Aldo Leopold stated that the potential abundance of wildlife species with small homes ranges that require two or more vegetation types is roughly proportional to the sum of the edge

Question 14

corridors

Answer 14

are strips of vegetation linking one patch with another on the landscape
vegetation of the corridor is similar to the patches it connects but different from the surrounding landscape in which they are set
can act as filters, providing dispersal routes for some species but not others, various sized gaps in corridors allow certain organisms to cross and not others

Question 15

metapopulations

Answer 15

habitats scattered as landscape patches, large and small, are inhabited by spatially separated subpopulations

Question 16

biomes

Answer 16

characterizes by uniform life form of vegetation, such as grassland or coniferous forest
broad plant formations and their associated animals life as biotic units

Question 17

ecoregions

Answer 17

are major ecosystems that result from predictable patterns of climate as influenced by latitude, local position, and altitude

Question 18

C. Hart Merriam

Answer 18

described the life zones of a mountain environment
first ecologist to define precisely the relationship between climate and vegetation
developed his life zone system after observing the sharp donation of vegetation on San Fran Mountain in Arizona

Question 19

Humboldt

Answer 19

describe vegetation in terms of outward appearance, correlated vegetation types with environmental characteristics and coined the term plant association

Question 20

endemic

Answer 20

endemic animals and plants are those restricted to a given region or found in that region and nowhere else
the mountain beaver is only found in the pacific northwest of North America

Question 21

Sir Alfred Wallace

Answer 21

came up with natural selection at the same time as darwin and got him to release his book faster

Question 22

mountains and merriams life zones

Answer 22

Merriam became the first ecologist to define precisely the relationship between climate and vegetation
based on zonation of vegetation on San Francisco Mountain in Arizona
-desert
-pinon
-pine
-fir
-spruce
-timber
-alpine

Question 23

climate-induced patterns of vegetation are influenced by

Answer 23

1. latitude
2. the location of regions within a continental land mass, which affects the amount of moisture they receive
3. altitude, in which mountains modify the climate pattern

Question 24

continental zonations

Answer 24

two broad belts of vegetation stretching east and west, the tundra and boreal, are influenced by temperature
south of these belts the vegetation patterns are controlled by precipitation and temperature in the east
the west altitude is added to the biogeographical mosaic

Question 25

aerenchyma

Answer 25

hollow tubes from leaf to root through which oxygen diffuses

Question 26

spartina is replaced by

Answer 26

mangrove forests

Question 27

Charles darwin

Answer 27

wrote the origin of species on the theory of natural selection theory of coral reefs and atoll development

Question 28

HMS Challenger

Answer 28

set out from Portsmouth England to seek answers to fundamental questions such as how deep is the sea and what is it like on the ocean floor, is there life in the great depths lots of data collected it took 19 years to publish the results which fill 50 thick volumes more info about the ocean ever recorded in all previous human history

Question 29

Charles Lyell

Answer 29

wrote principles of geology. In it Lyell argued that although animals and plants on this planet has been indeed created by God in an instant and never changed since, the planet itself has been changing restlessly beneath them or the earths crust was being continually created and destroyed

Question 30

Marie Tharp

Answer 30

spent the fall of 1952 mapping and sonar surveys of ocean floor resulted in the discovery of the mid-ocean ridge system, a continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains that encircles the globe

Question 31

mid-ocean ridge

Answer 31

is the largest geologic feature on the planet

Question 32

four zones in subarctic division

Answer 32

forest-tundra open boreal or taiga main (closed) boreal forest boreal-mixed forests

Question 33

why are there no trees in the tundra

Answer 33

permafrost

Question 34

forest-tundra

Answer 34

opens stands of stunted spruce, lichens, moss, cold lakes and bogs

Question 35

open boreal or taiga

Answer 35

lichen-black spruce woodland, very old age forest

Question 36

main (closed) boreal forest

Answer 36

continuous stands of coniferous trees, broken by poplar and birch on disturbed areas

Question 37

boreal-mixed forests

Answer 37

southern Canada and the Northern United States (boreal forests mix the Northern hardwood forests)

Question 38

heaviest trees

Answer 38

sequoia

Question 39

tallest trees

Answer 39

redwoods

Question 40

first angiosperms

Answer 40

archaefructus liaoningensis 140 million years old

Question 41

American chestnut story

Answer 41

ornamental plants went into New York and picked up blight it spread through tissues and cuts off tree from water and nutrients through the roots almost went extinct but once was a dominant tree Japanese/Chinese chestnut is resistant to blight and could save species in America by making American chestnut resistant as well

Question 42

limnology

Answer 42

the study of freshwater ecosystems

Question 43

lentic

Answer 43

body of water is running body or water such as a stream or a river

Question 44

layers in a lake

Answer 44

epilimnion- the warm upper layer that is not easily mixed with the denser water below metalimnion- is the middle mass that is characterized by steep and rapid decline in temperature of about 1 degree C for each meter in depth. (thermocline)

Question 45

thermocline

Answer 45

temperature gradient

Question 46

hypolimnion

Answer 46

the deep cold layer cut off from the air above

Question 47

periphyton

Answer 47

those organisms that have the ability to hold on in fast streams

Question 48

shredders

Answer 48

are invertebrates that feed on leaves and other large organic particles these include: larvae of caddislflies, stoneflies, crayfish

Question 49

collectors

Answer 49

are filter feeders including black flies, and net-spinning caddisflies

Question 50

scrapers

Answer 50

feed on the algal coatings of stones and rubble included are the water penny (a beetle) and more caddisflies

Question 51

littoral zone

Answer 51

shallow water

Question 52

limnetic zone

Answer 52

open water

Question 53

benthic zone

Answer 53

bottom of the lake

Question 54

compensation level

Answer 54

is the place above which photosynthesis can take place

Question 55

pelagic region

Answer 55

whole body of water

Question 56

benthic region

Answer 56

bottom

Question 57

photic zone

Answer 57

surface to 200M

Question 58

mesopelagic

Answer 58

200M to 1000M low light, temperature gradient without seasonal variation

Question 59

bathypelagic

Answer 59

1000M to abyssal plain No light, low temp, high pressure

Question 60

neritic province

Answer 60

water that overlies the continental shelf

Question 61

oceanic province

Answer 61

water that overlies the ocean plains down to 6000M

Question 62

abyssal pelagic

Answer 62

deep water just over the plains