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Ecology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

therophytes

A

annuals survive unfavorable periods as seeds. Complete life cycle from seed to seed in one season

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2
Q

geophytes (cryptophytes)

A

buds buried in the ground on a bulb or rhizome

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3
Q

hemicryptophytes

A

perennial shoots or buds on the surface of the ground, often covered with litter

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4
Q

chamaephytes

A

perennial shoots or buds on the surface of the ground to about 25 cm above the surface

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5
Q

phanerophytes

A

perennial buds carried well up in the air, over 25 cm. Trees, shrubs, and vines

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6
Q

epiphytes

A

plants growing on other plants; roots up in the air

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7
Q

community

A

the collection if animal and plant populations interacting directly or indirectly

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8
Q

guilds

A

feeding groups

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9
Q

bird species become more diverse as vertical stratification

A

increases in forest ecosystems

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10
Q

vertical stratification

A

vertical layering of a habitat; the arrangement of vegetation in layers, a key factor for structuring their species richness and biodiversity

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11
Q

phenology

A

the study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena, especially in relation to climate and plant and animal life

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12
Q

keystone

A

a predator controls the structure of the community and so must be regarded as the dominant species

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13
Q

dominance=

A

basal area or aerial coverage, species A/ area sampled

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14
Q

relative dominance=

A

basal area or coverage, species A/ total basal area or coverage, all species

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15
Q

Shannon- Weiner index

A

H = n log n - sum fi log fi /n
this formula is used to measure the evenness of diversity
fi= the number of individuals in a given species

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16
Q

competition if more evident among

A

the species of the same guild (eating the same food) ex: chipmunks

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17
Q

food chain

A

feeding relationships in nature are not simple straight-line chains but complex webs
grass > grasshopper > flycatcher > hawk

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18
Q

what limit herbivores

A

autotrophs

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19
Q

what does the bottom-up regulation view emphasize

A

the limitations imposed by the availability of food resources

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20
Q

succession

A

in its most general definition is the temporal change in community structure through time, begins with disturbance

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21
Q

Henry Chandler Cowles

A

studied ecological succession in the Indiana Dines of Northwest Indiana. This led to efforts to preserve the Indiana Dunes

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22
Q

FE Clements

A

described plant succession (the word)

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23
Q

characteristics of disturbance

A

4 factors
1. the magnitude of the physical force, such as the strength of the wind, or the heat of a fire
2. the morphological characteristics of the organisms that influence their response to the disturbance
3. the nature of the substrate (soil). Is the soil wet, dry, clay, or sand
4. The amount of aboveground biomass accumulation and height of vegetation

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24
Q

frequency

A

the mean number of disturbances that occur within a particular time interval

25
Q

return interval

A

the interval between disturbance events

26
Q

if intervals between disturbances are long, or frequency is low

A

biomass accumulates and the intensity of disturbance can be high

27
Q

four premises of community dynamics

A
  1. the fundamental niche of a species acts as a primary constraint on its distribution and abundance
  2. species vary in their fundamental niches (environmental tolerances)
  3. Environmental conditions change in time and space
  4. the fundamental niche is modified by species interactions (realized niche)
28
Q

Logging story

A

succession began with the development of a bare site, called nutation (disturbance)
nutation was followed by migration, the arrival of propagules onto the area
migration was followed by the establishment and initial growth of vegetation
the outcome of the process was the replacement of one plant community by another reaching a phase called stabilization

29
Q

maple and beech seeds are distributed by

A

wind

30
Q

pine seeds are distributed by

A

animals

31
Q

dominance of short overstay and understory of pine to hardwood

A

in the early stages of plant succession, shade-tolerant species come to dominate as a result of their high growth rates
shade-intolerant species overtop and shade the slower-growing, shade, tolerant species
as time progresses and light levels decline below the canopy, seedlings of the shade-intolerant species cannot grow and survive in the shaded conditions
at this time, although the shade-intolerant species dominate the canopy, no new individuals are being recruited into the populations

32
Q

climax

A

end point of succession

33
Q

classical ecological theory

A

succession stops when the sere has arrived at an equilibrium or steady state with the physical and biotic environment, at this point the community is stable and self-replicating

34
Q

characteristics of climax

A

the vegetation is tolerant of the environmental condition it has imposed upon itself
it has a wide diversity of species
complex food chains
well-developed spatial structure
individuals in the climax stage are supposedly replaced by others of the same kind. thus the species composition maintains an equilibrium

35
Q

Jack Pine Forests

A

jack pine is a fire adapted species found in the Great Lakes region of North America

36
Q

serotiny

A

jack pine have seeds that remain in the cone for years awaiting a fire
the fire melts the resins that kept the cone sealed up
then the pine seeds are ready for rely prepared ground of ash

37
Q

Kirtland’s Warbler

A

endangered; limited geographical range
nest in jack pine trees, cowbird trapping to save the warblers, if human involvement stops, could become endangered again

38
Q

frequency rolling plains

A

how frequently a fire burns over a given area, and its return rate is influenced by the occurrence of droughts, accumulation and flammability of fuel, the resulting intensity of the burn, and human interference

38
Q

what seed reserves become depleted with too many fires

A

shrubs in chaparral of cali

39
Q

Wind as a force of succession

A

wind shapes the canopies of trees exposed to prevailing winds, affects their growth, and uproots them from the ground.
trees weakened by fungal disease, insect damage, lightning strikes and tropical forests trees carrying a heavy load of epithets in their crowns are candidates for wind throw

40
Q

hurricane

A

a powerful recurring event of high intensity but low frequency
those with speeds in excess of 166km/hr and associated rainfall of 200mm, have devastating impact on ecosystems

41
Q

affect of strong winds with heavy snowfall

A

weighs down trees and heavy rains soften the soil about the roots

42
Q

cyclic replacement in an oil-field community in Michigan

A

the bare areas at the bottom are invaded by moss
mosses are invaded by Canada bluegrass and dock
the accumulated dead leaves of these plants are covered by lichens that crowd out the grass
rain, frost, and wind destroy the lichens to start the cycle with bare ground again

43
Q

chronoseres

A

come back

44
Q

chronosequences

A

come back

45
Q

allogenic environmental change

A

purely abiotic environmental (allogenic) change can produce patterns of succession over time scales ranging from days to millennia or longer
annual fluctuations in temp and precipitation will influence the relative growth responses of different species in a forest community, but they will have little influence on the general patterns of secondary succession
in contrast, shifts in environmental conditions that occur at periods as long or longer than the organism’s life span are likely to results in shifts in species dominance

46
Q

primary succession

A

begins on sites that never have supported life

47
Q

examples of primary succession

A

rock outcrops and cliffs, sand dunes, and newly exposed glacial till

48
Q

soil succession

A

light is not the only environmental factor that changes over the course of succession
atmospheric nitrogen must fix and be incorporated into the plants, where it can later be broken down and made available in the soil through the process of decomposition
nitrogen fixing rhizobium, such as with alder, can grow and dominate a “new” site
this pattern of increasing accumulation of litter and other nutrients was shown in primary succession at glacier bay, alaska

49
Q

plant diversity increases with

A

site age

50
Q

old-field succession in the Piedmont of north Carolina

A

a famed crop land is abandoned, the ground in claimed by crabgrass, whose seeds lying dormant in the soil, respond to light and moisture and germinate
in late summer seeds horse weed ripen
the following spring horse weed, claims the field over crabgrass

51
Q

secondary succession

A

by the third summer broomsedge a perennial bunchgrass, invades the field
about this pine seedlings, find room to grow in open places among the clumps of broomsedge invade the field
within five years the pines are tall enough to shade out the broomsedge
eventually hardwood species, such as oaks and ash, grow up through the pines and the pines die
development of the hardwood forest continues as shade tolerant trees and shrubs fill the understory

52
Q

temporal changes in dominant phytoplankton

A

seasonal changes in temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity produce a well-known succession of dominant phytoplankton in freshwater lakes, which is repeated with little variation each year

53
Q

autogenic change (self-generated)

A

one feature common to all plant succession is autogenic environmental change. In both primary and secondary succession, the colonization of an area by plants alters the environmental conditions
one clear example is the alteration of the light environment

54
Q

influence of herbivores on community dynamics

A

herbivores modify community dynamics, directly and indirectly
by selecting certain plant species, herbivores directly influence mortality and recruitment, favoring the population the population growth of one species over another

55
Q

Moose on Isle Royale in Lake Superior

A

selectively feed on the seedlings and saplings of deciduous hardwood tree species of aspen, birch, ash, and maple, ignoring the conifer species
long-term experiments using exclosures to exclude moose from certain areas have changed the community structure of the island. In the exclosures, the abundance of the deciduous hardwood species is much higher

56
Q

degradative succession

A

succession that occurs on dead organic matter over a relatively short time-scale. Detritivores feed in sequence, each group releasing nutrients that are utilized by the next group in the sequence until the resources are exhausted.

57
Q

shifting mosaic

A

the process of succession is never ending, brought about by the continuous processes of birth, growth, and death of individuals within the community
this view of succession suggests a shifting mosaic steady state
the community being composed of a mosaic of patches, each in a phase of successional development

Ecology (12 decks)

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