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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

discovered the mechanism for inheritance using pea plants

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2
Q

What was convenient about Mendel’s experiment that led to straight forward results

A

He used traits that were not sex linked (close together on the same chromosome)

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3
Q

the bigger the chromosomes

A

the more genes it has

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4
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Law

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

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5
Q

the probability of homozygosity (AA) dominant

A

p^2

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6
Q

the probability of heterozygosity

A

2pq

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7
Q

the probability of homozygous (aa) recessive

A

q^2

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8
Q

Hardy Weinberg Assumptions

A

mating is random
mutations do not occur
no gene flow (pop is closed)
population is large
no natural selection
diploid population

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9
Q

homozygosity increases with

A

inbreeding (the more closely related, the more likely to be homozygous)

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10
Q

genes move toward

A

fixation

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11
Q

effective population size

A

The size of an ideal population subject to the same degree of genetic drift as a particular real population
The effective population size equals the number of adults contributing gametes to the next generation

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12
Q

NE=

A

4NmNf/Nm+Nf

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13
Q

Population bottleneck

A

A genetic bottleneck occurs when a population is greatly reduced in size. The bottleneck limits the genetic diversity of the species because only a small part of the original population survives. With a greatly reduced gene pool, the remaining members of the species may have trouble adapting to new environmental conditions, such as climate change. A genetic bottleneck can be caused by a number of factors, including natural disasters, overhunting, or habitat destruction.

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14
Q

a founder population of 10 may hold

A

90% of the genetic diversity found in the parent population

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15
Q

founder effect

A

The founder effect is the reduction in genetic variation that results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony.

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16
Q

History of the founding event

A

severe winter 1983-84, pronghorn from North Park, Colorado, became permanent residents in Middle Park, Colorado

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17
Q

what did pronghorn have to do to reestablish itself in Middle Park

A

pronghorn passed through a canyon which traverse unsuitable habitat

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18
Q

what increases reproductive success

A

altruism- raising someone else’s young

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19
Q

inclusive fitness

A

if the genetic ties within a generation are closer than the ties between a generation, each member of the generation might be motivated to invest in a parents reproductive success rather than his or her own

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20
Q

William Hamilton

A

came up with inclusive fitness through a study of the Hymenoptera, social ants, bees, and wasps

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21
Q

Bartz’s hypothesis

A

begins with mating of a male and female who are unrelated but are each the products of intense inbreeding, the product of this union are essentially identical and therefore more related to one another than to their parents

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22
Q

how does genetic asymmetry increase inclusive fitness

A

it encourages helping behavior in both sexes because each sibling can increase its inclusive fitness by assisting in the creation of brothers and sisters (going back to inbreeding, more pure lines)

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23
Q

Eusociality precondition

A

parental care in a protected nest, where offspring are defended against predators and provided with food, dispersal is too costly and there is an incentive to be a helper to say in a protected nest

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24
Q

coevolution

A

occurs when interactions between species over time lead to reciprocal adaption

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25
endoparasite
lives within the host
26
ectoparasite
lives outside on the host
27
microparasites
viruses bacteria protozoans
28
macroparasites
lice, fleas, ticks, mites, and parasitic worms
29
epizootic
rapid spread and bacterial diseases in dense populations in animals
30
epidemic
rapid spread and bacterial diseases in dense populations in humans
31
epidemic plague
plague has killed more people and has had a greater effect on human history than any other zoonotic disease
32
best documented plague vectors
female oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis)
33
what does female oriental rat fleas transmit
bacteria as they feed on an infected animal, often black or brown rats
34
brown rat name
R. norvegicus
35
black rat name
Rattus rattus
36
examples of ectoparasites
streblid bat flies, short-tailed fruit bat, copepods and isopods on balloon fish, bed bugs
37
definitive host
the one in which the parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity
38
intermediate hosts
harbor some developmental phase
39
what has led to the proliferation of parasitic flat worms
migration, intense finishing, and planting larger and larger tracts of land
40
Zombie ants
when the fungus infects a carpenter ant, it grows through the insect's body, draining it of nutrients and hijacking its mind over the course of a week, it compels the ant to leave the safety of its nest and ascend a nearby stem it stops the ant at a height of 25cm, a zone with precisely the right temperature and humidity for the fungus to grow. it forces the ant to permanently lock its mandibles around a leaf eventually, it sends a long stalk through the ant's head, growing into a bulbous capsule full of spores. And because the ant typically claims a leaf that overhands its colony's foraging trails, the fungal spores rain down onto its sisters below, zombifying them in turn
41
Sexual parasite in fish
The male fish (angler fish) does not have a working digestive system and needs to utilize that of a females. When a male finds a female, he uses his teeth and attaches himself to her. He realizes an enzyme that fuses the tissue of the two together. This gives males direct access to female's digestive system for nutrients and circulatory system for gas exchange. In return he gives the female sperm, but he is competing with other males that are living on that same female.
42
kleptoparasitism
a form of social parasitism in which the parasites obtain a substantial portion of their food by stealing it from the host (bald eagles steal fish from osprey)
43
social parasitism (brood parasitism)
occurs when an invading reproducer uses the workers of a nest she did not construct to rear her reproductive offspring
44
plant parasites
squawroot is a holoparasite on the roots of oak
45
holoparasite
plants that are not capable of photosynthesis and obtain all nutrients and water from a host plant
46
plant response to parasitic eggs
Galls: plants produce galls to exposes the larvae of gall insects to predation. The woodpecker eats larvae off the goldenrod stem.
47
hemiparasites
photosynthetic, but they draw water and nutrients from their host plant
48
mistletoe
sticky seeds attach to limbs and send out roots that embrace the limb and send roots into the sapwood
49
two examples of hemiparasites
mistletoe and Indian paint brush
50
commensalism
one species benefits and the other is unharmed
51
examples of commensalism
whale barnacles and whales: attaching to the whales gives the barnacles a stable place to live, a free ride, and access to plenty of food epiphytes and trees: Epiphytes grow on sides of tall trees in an attempt to be closer to the sunlight
52
Non-obligate mutualism (getting help with parasites)
one species helps another with removing a parasite, while also gaining a benefit -Oxpeckers and black rhino: eat parasites on the rhino -cleaner goby: they will remove parasites from neighboring fish
53
Nonobligatory (facultative) mutualism
A type of mutualism in which the interacting species derive benefit from each other but not being fully dependent that each cannot survive without the symbiotic partner.
54
facultative mutualism are widely involved in
seed dispersal and pollination, the benefits are spread over plants by guilds of insects
55
pollinators (nonspecific)
spread pollen and increase chances of reproduction of plants many different insects can pollinate many different flowers or plants)
56
seed dispersal
plants form partnerships with snails
57
Clarks Nutcracker
disperses the seeds of pines
58
agouti
the only animal that can open the Brazil nut
59
obligate mutualism
are permanent and both partners must form the relationship in order to survive (algae and fungi=lichen)
60
a specific pollinator
yucca and yucca moth have formed an obligate mutualistic relationship adult moth provides pollen only to the yucca yucca provides food in the form of seeds for caterpillar cat only eats some of the seeds
61
What relationship exists between clownfish and anemones
give and take
62
clownfish and anemones
clownfish because of bright colors attracts prey for the sea anemone to hunt and feed on. The clownfish gets the scraps and leftovers clownfish eats up dead tentacles of polyp and the algae that settles on it better water circulation for sea anemone when clownfish swims through it anemone feeds on clownfish feces clownfish chases away polyp eating fish polyp provides protection to fish with tentacles that are venomous to other fish
63
In which polyps are zooxanthellae found
cnidaria and scleractinian coral
64
what do zooxantheallae do for coral polyps
they translocate products of photosynthesis to the host and in turn they receive inorganic nutrients (co2 and Nh4+)
65
ants and treehoppers or aphids
aphids produce a sugary waste that attracts ants, the ants in return protect the insects from predation
66
ants and bullhorn acacia
ants protect the bullhorn Acadia from insects and rodents the bullhorn thorns provide home for larvae and eggs, tree also provides nectar for ants
67
third member mutualistic relationship
ectomycorrhizae need the tree for energy tree needs the ectomycorrhizae for uptake of nutrients from the soil small mammals are needed to disperse the spores after feeding on the truffles
68
R selected
produce many young and invest little energy (parental care) in the young these species reach sexual maturity early in life these are short lived species
69
K selected
have one or two young, lots of parental care, species reach sexual maturity late in life, long lived species
70
humans have never found a way to sustainably harvest
K selected species
71
Whales
1860 the blue whale became the most commercially important species catches in antarctic peaked in 1931 at 30,000 animals. However, the catch declined to 2000 in 1963 (about the time the US stopped whaling)
72
Alaskan King Crab
overfishing in Alaska has caused the Alaskan King Crab and halibut to become commercially extinct
73
K species examples
Alaskan king crab and whales
74
landings of Cod and Haddock
Note the increase in fishing intensity for both species in 1960 through 1980 followed by rapid decline. Up to certain point, stock can replace itself Beyond this critical point, certain changes point to impending disaster.
75
keystone species
Every ecosystem has certain species that are critical to the survival of the other species in the system. The keystone species could be a huge predator or an unassuming plant, but without them the ecosystem may not survive.
76
Effect of removal of keystone
the elimination or depletion of one species can cause a chain reaction and deplete many other species, this effect is especially true if the species that is harvested is a KS.
77
keystone chain
Sea otters are the keystone species. Whales put pressure on otters after having a limited access to prey. The otter population decreases to extremely low levels. The otters keep the sea urchin population in check which prevents the sea urchins from eating up the kelp forest. Without otters, sea urchins will reproduce out of control and will eat up the kelp until it is gone.
78
economics of biodiversity
can we use species in a sustainable way?
79
Taxus Baccata
has medicinal purposes freezes or disintegrated microtubules and prevents cancer cells from dividing
80
buffalo
there are no pure buffalo left, only hybrids, they are protected and provided with a habitat they are used in foods at lower levels collecting and recreating their habitat
81
turkeys
were collected and placed into empty habitats
82
one plant supermarket
winged bean- entire plant is edible, legume
83
rosy periwinkle
Madagascar plant that is the source of two alkaloid chemicals with powerful anti cavity activity (restores soil fertility)
84
largest living rodent
hydrochaeridae capybara- are food sources for predators but their habitat must be maintained for them to live there
85
invasive species
is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment (takes over and disrupts the ecosystem)
86
Spotted knapweed centaura stoebe Ssp
It displaces native vegetation and reduces the forage potential for wildlife and livestock.
87
kudzu
grows in disturbed areas covers habitat in the SE US
88
fire ant
invasive, spread to south eastern and western US
89
Formosan subterranean termite
introduced in Louisiana competes with native species, causes structural damage to buildings
90
invasive species
zebra mussels kudzu formosan termite fire ant cactus moth pigs Burmese pythons
91
threats to endangered species
habitat degradation/loss invasive species pollution overexploitation disease

Ecology (12 decks)

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