Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ecology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

discovered the mechanism for inheritance using pea plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was convenient about Mendel’s experiment that led to straight forward results

A

He used traits that were not sex linked (close together on the same chromosome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the bigger the chromosomes

A

the more genes it has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Law

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the probability of homozygosity (AA) dominant

A

p^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the probability of heterozygosity

A

2pq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the probability of homozygous (aa) recessive

A

q^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hardy Weinberg Assumptions

A

mating is random
mutations do not occur
no gene flow (pop is closed)
population is large
no natural selection
diploid population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

homozygosity increases with

A

inbreeding (the more closely related, the more likely to be homozygous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

genes move toward

A

fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

effective population size

A

The size of an ideal population subject to the same degree of genetic drift as a particular real population
The effective population size equals the number of adults contributing gametes to the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

NE=

A

4NmNf/Nm+Nf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Population bottleneck

A

A genetic bottleneck occurs when a population is greatly reduced in size. The bottleneck limits the genetic diversity of the species because only a small part of the original population survives. With a greatly reduced gene pool, the remaining members of the species may have trouble adapting to new environmental conditions, such as climate change. A genetic bottleneck can be caused by a number of factors, including natural disasters, overhunting, or habitat destruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a founder population of 10 may hold

A

90% of the genetic diversity found in the parent population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

founder effect

A

The founder effect is the reduction in genetic variation that results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

History of the founding event

A

severe winter 1983-84, pronghorn from North Park, Colorado, became permanent residents in Middle Park, Colorado

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what did pronghorn have to do to reestablish itself in Middle Park

A

pronghorn passed through a canyon which traverse unsuitable habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what increases reproductive success

A

altruism- raising someone else’s young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inclusive fitness

A

if the genetic ties within a generation are closer than the ties between a generation, each member of the generation might be motivated to invest in a parents reproductive success rather than his or her own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

William Hamilton

A

came up with inclusive fitness through a study of the Hymenoptera, social ants, bees, and wasps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bartz’s hypothesis

A

begins with mating of a male and female who are unrelated but are each the products of intense inbreeding, the product of this union are essentially identical and therefore more related to one another than to their parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does genetic asymmetry increase inclusive fitness

A

it encourages helping behavior in both sexes because each sibling can increase its inclusive fitness by assisting in the creation of brothers and sisters (going back to inbreeding, more pure lines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Eusociality precondition

A

parental care in a protected nest, where offspring are defended against predators and provided with food, dispersal is too costly and there is an incentive to be a helper to say in a protected nest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

coevolution

A

occurs when interactions between species over time lead to reciprocal adaption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

endoparasite

A

lives within the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ectoparasite

A

lives outside on the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

microparasites

A

viruses
bacteria
protozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

macroparasites

A

lice, fleas, ticks, mites, and parasitic worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

epizootic

A

rapid spread and bacterial diseases in dense populations in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

epidemic

A

rapid spread and bacterial diseases in dense populations in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

epidemic plague

A

plague has killed more people and has had a greater effect on human history than any other zoonotic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

best documented plague vectors

A

female oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does female oriental rat fleas transmit

A

bacteria as they feed on an infected animal, often black or brown rats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

brown rat name

A

R. norvegicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

black rat name

A

Rattus rattus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

examples of ectoparasites

A

streblid bat flies, short-tailed fruit bat, copepods and isopods on balloon fish, bed bugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

definitive host

A

the one in which the parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity

38
Q

intermediate hosts

A

harbor some developmental phase

39
Q

what has led to the proliferation of parasitic flat worms

A

migration, intense finishing, and planting larger and larger tracts of land

40
Q

Zombie ants

A

when the fungus infects a carpenter ant, it grows through the insect’s body, draining it of nutrients and hijacking its mind
over the course of a week, it compels the ant to leave the safety of its nest and ascend a nearby stem
it stops the ant at a height of 25cm, a zone with precisely the right temperature and humidity for the fungus to grow. it forces the ant to permanently lock its mandibles around a leaf
eventually, it sends a long stalk through the ant’s head, growing into a bulbous capsule full of spores. And because the ant typically claims a leaf that overhands its colony’s foraging trails, the fungal spores rain down onto its sisters below, zombifying them in turn

41
Q

Sexual parasite in fish

A

The male fish (angler fish) does not have a working digestive system and needs to utilize that of a females. When a male finds a female, he uses his teeth and attaches himself to her. He realizes an enzyme that fuses the tissue of the two together. This gives males direct access to female’s digestive system for nutrients and circulatory system for gas exchange. In return he gives the female sperm, but he is competing with other males that are living on that same female.

42
Q

kleptoparasitism

A

a form of social parasitism in which the parasites obtain a substantial portion of their food by stealing it from the host (bald eagles steal fish from osprey)

43
Q

social parasitism (brood parasitism)

A

occurs when an invading reproducer uses the workers of a nest she did not construct to rear her reproductive offspring

44
Q

plant parasites

A

squawroot is a holoparasite on the roots of oak

45
Q

holoparasite

A

plants that are not capable of photosynthesis and obtain all nutrients and water from a host plant

46
Q

plant response to parasitic eggs

A

Galls: plants produce galls to exposes the larvae of gall insects to predation. The woodpecker eats larvae off the goldenrod stem.

47
Q

hemiparasites

A

photosynthetic, but they draw water and nutrients from their host plant

48
Q

mistletoe

A

sticky seeds attach to limbs and send out roots that embrace the limb and send roots into the sapwood

49
Q

two examples of hemiparasites

A

mistletoe and Indian paint brush

50
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other is unharmed

51
Q

examples of commensalism

A

whale barnacles and whales: attaching to the whales gives the barnacles a stable place to live, a free ride, and access to plenty of food
epiphytes and trees: Epiphytes grow on sides of tall trees in an attempt to be closer to the sunlight

52
Q

Non-obligate mutualism (getting help with parasites)

A

one species helps another with removing a parasite, while also gaining a benefit
-Oxpeckers and black rhino: eat parasites on the rhino
-cleaner goby: they will remove parasites from neighboring fish

53
Q

Nonobligatory (facultative) mutualism

A

A type of mutualism in which the interacting species derive benefit from each other but not being fully dependent that each cannot survive without the symbiotic partner.

54
Q

facultative mutualism are widely involved in

A

seed dispersal and pollination, the benefits are spread over plants by guilds of insects

55
Q

pollinators (nonspecific)

A

spread pollen and increase chances of reproduction of plants
many different insects can pollinate many different flowers or plants)

56
Q

seed dispersal

A

plants form partnerships with snails

57
Q

Clarks Nutcracker

A

disperses the seeds of pines

58
Q

agouti

A

the only animal that can open the Brazil nut

59
Q

obligate mutualism

A

are permanent and both partners must form the relationship in order to survive (algae and fungi=lichen)

60
Q

a specific pollinator

A

yucca and yucca moth have formed an obligate mutualistic relationship
adult moth provides pollen only to the yucca
yucca provides food in the form of seeds for caterpillar
cat only eats some of the seeds

61
Q

What relationship exists between clownfish and anemones

A

give and take

62
Q

clownfish and anemones

A

clownfish because of bright colors attracts prey for the sea anemone to hunt and feed on. The clownfish gets the scraps and leftovers
clownfish eats up dead tentacles of polyp and the algae that settles on it
better water circulation for sea anemone when clownfish swims through it
anemone feeds on clownfish feces
clownfish chases away polyp eating fish
polyp provides protection to fish with tentacles that are venomous to other fish

63
Q

In which polyps are zooxanthellae found

A

cnidaria and scleractinian coral

64
Q

what do zooxantheallae do for coral polyps

A

they translocate products of photosynthesis to the host and in turn they receive inorganic nutrients (co2 and Nh4+)

65
Q

ants and treehoppers or aphids

A

aphids produce a sugary waste that attracts ants, the ants in return protect the insects from predation

66
Q

ants and bullhorn acacia

A

ants protect the bullhorn Acadia from insects and rodents
the bullhorn thorns provide home for larvae and eggs, tree also provides nectar for ants

67
Q

third member mutualistic relationship

A

ectomycorrhizae need the tree for energy
tree needs the ectomycorrhizae for uptake of nutrients from the soil
small mammals are needed to disperse the spores after feeding on the truffles

68
Q

R selected

A

produce many young and invest little energy (parental care) in the young
these species reach sexual maturity early in life
these are short lived species

69
Q

K selected

A

have one or two young, lots of parental care, species reach sexual maturity late in life, long lived species

70
Q

humans have never found a way to sustainably harvest

A

K selected species

71
Q

Whales

A

1860 the blue whale became the most commercially important species
catches in antarctic peaked in 1931 at 30,000 animals. However, the catch declined to 2000 in 1963 (about the time the US stopped whaling)

72
Q

Alaskan King Crab

A

overfishing in Alaska has caused the Alaskan King Crab and halibut to become commercially extinct

73
Q

K species examples

A

Alaskan king crab and whales

74
Q

landings of Cod and Haddock

A

Note the increase in fishing intensity for both species in 1960 through 1980 followed by rapid decline.
Up to certain point, stock can replace itself
Beyond this critical point, certain changes point to impending disaster.

75
Q

keystone species

A

Every ecosystem has certain species that are critical to the survival of the other species in the system. The keystone species could be a huge predator or an unassuming plant, but without them the ecosystem may not survive.

76
Q

Effect of removal of keystone

A

the elimination or depletion of one species can cause a chain reaction and deplete many other species, this effect is especially true if the species that is harvested is a KS.

77
Q

keystone chain

A

Sea otters are the keystone species.
Whales put pressure on otters after having a limited access to prey. The otter population decreases to extremely low levels. The otters keep the sea urchin population in check which prevents the sea urchins from eating up the kelp forest.
Without otters, sea urchins will reproduce out of control and will eat up the kelp until it is gone.

78
Q

economics of biodiversity

A

can we use species in a sustainable way?

79
Q

Taxus Baccata

A

has medicinal purposes
freezes or disintegrated microtubules and prevents cancer cells from dividing

80
Q

buffalo

A

there are no pure buffalo left, only hybrids, they are protected and provided with a habitat
they are used in foods at lower levels
collecting and recreating their habitat

81
Q

turkeys

A

were collected and placed into empty habitats

82
Q

one plant supermarket

A

winged bean- entire plant is edible, legume

83
Q

rosy periwinkle

A

Madagascar plant that is the source of two alkaloid chemicals with powerful anti cavity activity (restores soil fertility)

84
Q

largest living rodent

A

hydrochaeridae capybara- are food sources for predators but their habitat must be maintained for them to live there

85
Q

invasive species

A

is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment (takes over and disrupts the ecosystem)

86
Q

Spotted knapweed centaura stoebe Ssp

A

It displaces native vegetation and reduces the forage potential for wildlife and livestock.

87
Q

kudzu

A

grows in disturbed areas
covers habitat in the SE US

88
Q

fire ant

A

invasive, spread to south eastern and western US

89
Q

Formosan subterranean termite

A

introduced in Louisiana
competes with native species, causes structural damage to buildings

90
Q

invasive species

A

zebra mussels
kudzu
formosan termite
fire ant
cactus moth
pigs
Burmese pythons

91
Q

threats to endangered species

A

habitat degradation/loss
invasive species
pollution
overexploitation
disease

Ecology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions