Final exam Flashcards
What is instantaneous speed?
The speed of an object at a particular moment (instant) in time
What is constant speed?
When the speed of an object remains the same it does not increase or decrease
What is average speed?
The average speed is the total distance traveled by the object in a time period
What is velocity?
A vector measurement of the rate and direction of motion.
What is average velocity?
The change in position or displacement divided by the time intervals in which the displacement occurs
What is the numerical value for acceleration to gravity?
9.8 m/s^2
What is Newton’s first law?
A ball at rest on the ground continues to be at rest until any external force acts on it
What is Newton’s second law?
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass
What is Newton’s third law?
For every action there is an opposite reaction and forces come in pairs
What is the SI unit for momentum?
kg m/s
What is the momentum equation?
p = mv p = momentum m = mass v = velocity
What are the nine different types of energy?
Chemical energy, thermal energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy, sound energy, light energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, and elastic potential energy
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
States that energy can neither be created nor destroyed only converted from one form of energy to another
What are all the moon phases?
new Moon waxing, crescent Moon, first quarter Moon, waxing gibbous Moon, full Moon, waning gibbous Moon, last quarter Moon, waning crescent Moon
What are the features of Earth’s moon?
Craters form when asteroids hit the surface of the Moon and the small lava pools are called the Maria
What is a solar eclipse?
Moon is between the Earth and Sun
What is a lunar eclipse?
Earth is between the Moon and Sun
What two planets absorb methane and what is their color?
Uranus and Neptune have a turquoise blue appearance from the methane
What did Ptolemy believe?
Every planet revolves around the Earth (Geocentric)
What did Copernicus believe?
Every planet revolves around the Sun (Heliocentric)
What did Galileo believe?
Earth and all other planets revolve around the Sun
What is a meteor, meteorite, and meteoroid?
Meteorite - A rock that falls to Earth from space
Meteor - A rock that is crashing through Earth’s atmosphere
Meteoroid - A rock in space orbiting the sun
What is the order of the planets from the Sun?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
What is the anatomy of a comet?
The tail, the nucleus and the coma.
Why does a comet have tail, coma, and where do they come from?
The tail comes from when it approaches the sun, the heat evaporates the comet’s gases and the tail comes from the when the comet passes close to the Sun and comets come from the Oort Cloud
How did the sun form and how long ago did it form?
It formed 4.6 billion years ago, from a cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula
What is the greenhouse effect and who experiences it?
Greenhouse gases let the sun’s light shine onto the Earth’s surface, but they trap the heat that reflects back up into the atmosphere
What is a insulator?
A object that can not conduct electricity like wood and plastic
What is a conductor?
A object that can conduct electricity like metals
What is the difference between a active and passive solar heating system?
Passive systems are structures optimize the use of heat or light directly from the sun and active systems have devices to convert the sun’s energy into a more usable form such as hot water or electricity
What is a heat pump?
Pumps heat from one place to another
What is a heat mover?
Move heat from a low temperature to a high temperature
What is a heat engine?
Converting heat energy into mechanical or electrical energy
What is a solid?
A state of matter that has a fixed shape and a definite volume
What is a liquid?
A state of matter that has no fixed but a definite volume
What is a gas?
A state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume
What is plasma?
A ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles
What is a wave and the anatomy of a wave?
A disturbance or variation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a medium
The highest part of the wave is called the crest and the lowest part is called the trough and the wave height is the overall vertical change in height between the crest and the trough and distance between two successive crests is the length of the wave or wavelength
How does the frequency and period change a wave?
Frequency is the number of wave cycles that occur per second and the period is the time it takes to complete a cycle
What do waves carry?
Matter
What happens to a wave less denser to more dense?
The light wave slows down and bends toward the normal
What happens to a wave more dense to less dense?
The light wave speeds up and bends away from the normal
What is reflection?
The throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it
What is refraction?
The change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another caused by its change in speed
What is diffraction?
The spreading of waves around obstacles
What is a series circuit?
One path for current to flow through when one light turns off the all the light bulbs turn off
What is a parallel circuit?
Two or more paths for current to flow through when one light turns off the light bulbs still light up
What is lightning?
The negative charges in the bottom of the cloud are attracted to the positive charges in the ground
What is the anatomy of a simple battery?
Anode - negative side of the battery
Cathode - positive side of the battery
Electrolyte - a chemical paste that separates the anode and cathode and transforms chemical energy into electrical energy
What is the function of a generator?
It converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
What is the function of a electric motor?
It converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
How are atoms arranged in magnets?
Atoms are aligned
What are three metals that can be permanent magnets?
Iron, cobalt, and nickel (CIN)
What is a step-up transformer and what does the primary and secondary child do?
It converts low primary voltage to a high secondary voltage
What is a step-down transformer and what does the primary and secondary coils do?
It converts high primary voltage to a low secondary voltage
What transformer increases voltage?
Step-up transformer and it has more coils in the secondary than the primary
What transformer decreases voltage?
Step-down transformer and it has more coils in the primary than the secondary
