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BIO 100 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Behavior

A

Any action observed & described

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2
Q

Nature vs. nurture

A

Nature: genes to a certain degree
Nurture: environmental influences

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3
Q

what do environmental influences affect (behavior)

A

talk, walk, posture, body language

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4
Q

Fixed Action Patterns

A

specific behaviors elicited by sign stimulus

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5
Q

Learning

A

change in behavior brought about by experience

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6
Q

Imprinting (birds)

A

young birds follow the first moving thing they see & are sensitive to parents vocalization

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7
Q

Associative learning

A

a change in behavior that involves an association between two events

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8
Q

two types of associative learning

A

classical & operant conditioning

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9
Q

Classical conditioning (Pavlov)

A

2 stimuli at the same time to form association

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10
Q

Operant conditioning

A

stimulus-response brought about through rewards

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11
Q

Communication

A

an action by a sender that influences the behavior of the receiver

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12
Q

four types of animal communication

A

visual, chemical, auditory, tactile

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13
Q

chemical communication (pheromones)

A

powerful chemical signals passed in low concentration (territory marking)

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14
Q

visual communication (+examples)

A

most used by diurnal species; courtship dances, firefly flashes

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15
Q

tactile communication (+example)

A

when one individual touches another; waggle dance of honeybees

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16
Q

Optimal foraging theory

A

animals need to ingest food that will provide more energy than the energy expended acquiring the food

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17
Q

usually, primates are __________

A

polygamous

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18
Q

dimorphic definition

A

taking two different forms (i.e. sexes)

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19
Q

what do women prefer in men

A

1) financial success

2) symmetry

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20
Q

what do men prefer in women

A

youthfulness & attractiveness

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21
Q

earliest organized society

A

hunters & gatherers

22
Q

altruism definition

A

selfless behavior

23
Q

inclusive fitness

A

an individual’s personal reproductive success & that of their relatives (to pass from generation to generation)

24
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

minimal short-term reproductive sacrifice made to maximize future reproductive potential

25
Q

another name for heterotrophs

A

consumers

26
Q

three types of heterotrophs

A

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

27
Q

another name for autotrophs

A

producers (plants)

28
Q

when nitrogen is converted into ammonium ions

A

nitrogen fixation

29
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

bacteria that gets energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds

30
Q

organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for other organisms

A

autotrophs

31
Q

energy ____ & chemical _______ characterize every exit

A

flow; cycling

32
Q

how does energy enter an ecosystem? who is it absorbed by?

A

sunlight; producers

33
Q

how do chemicals enter an ecosystem?

A

when producers take in inorganic nutrients

34
Q

grazing food webs begin with ________

A

producers

35
Q

detrital food webs begin with _______

A

detritus

36
Q

biomass definition

A

number of organisms at each level multiplied by their weight (gets lower as you go up the ecological pyramid)

37
Q

Inverted pyramids can be found in _______ _________

A

aquatic ecosystems

38
Q

Three types of biogeochemical cycles

A

1) reservoir
2) exchange pool
3) biotic community

39
Q

reservoir

A

source unavailable to producers

40
Q

exchange pool

A

source from which organisms take chemicals

41
Q

biotic community

A

chemicals move through community along food chains

42
Q

two main types of biogeochemical cycles

A

1) gaseous

2) sedimentary

43
Q

gaseous cycle

A

chemical element is drawn from & returns to the atmosphere

44
Q

sedimentary cycle

A

chemical element is drawn from soil by plant roots, eaten by consumers & returned to soil by decomposers

45
Q

three types of gaseous cycling

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon

46
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

phosphorus moves from rocks on land to oceans, phosphorus moves back on land through geological upheaval

47
Q

what are phosphates found in?

A

fertilizers, animal feeds, detergents

48
Q

Nitrification

A

production of nitrates which plants can also use

49
Q

Denitrification

A

conversion of nitrate back to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria

50
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Photosynthesis takes CO2 from the atmosphere & cell respiration returns it

51
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

CO2 and other gases absorb and radiate heat back to earth

BIO 100 (6 decks)

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