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Biomechanics > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

rotary effect of a force about an axis of rotation

A

torque

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2
Q

product of force and the forces moment arm

A

torque

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3
Q

shortest(perpendicular) distance between a force line of action adn an axis of rotation

A

forces moment arm

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4
Q

muscles moment arm is maximal at ___ degree angle of pull

A

90

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5
Q

the moment arm of muscle pull becomes ___ at the line moves away from 90 degree in either direction

A

smaller

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6
Q

for muscle to generate a constant torque during an exercise, it must produce ___ force at its moment arm decreases

A

more

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7
Q

The product of muscle tension and muscle moment arm produces a torque at the ___ crossed by the muscle.

A

joint

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8
Q

simple machine consisting of a relatively rigid bar-like body that can be made to rotate about an axis or fulcrum

A

lever

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9
Q

levers come in what classes

A

first, second, and third

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10
Q

lever classification is determined by what

A

applied force, resistance, and the fulcrum or axis of rotation

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11
Q

fulcrum in the middle with equal distance on each side to the applied force and resistance

A

first class lever

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12
Q

lever with axis of rotation on the outside of resistance (resistance down, applied force up

A

second class lever

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13
Q

lever with axis of rotation on the outside of the applied force (applied force up and resistance down)

A

third class lever

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14
Q

Tilting head is what class of lever

A

first class

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15
Q

class of lever when going on tippy toes

A

second class

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16
Q

class of lever with an elbow bend

A

third class

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17
Q

point around which a body’s weight is equally balanced in all directions

A

center of gravity

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18
Q

center of mass of mass centroid

A

center of gravity

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19
Q

is the center of gravity always inside the body

A

no

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20
Q

the point at which the weight vector is shown to act in a free body diagram

A

center of gravity

21
Q

the body responds to external forces as though all mass were concentrated at the ___

A

center or gravity

22
Q

resistance to disruption of equilibrium

A

stability

23
Q

ability to control equilibrium

A

balance

24
Q

area bound by the outermost regions of contact between a body and the support surface

A

base of support

25
Q

what increases a body’s stability

A
  • increasing body mass, and –increasing friction between the body and the surfaces of contact
  • increasing the size of the base of support in the direction of an external force
  • horizontally position the CG near the edge of the base of support on the side of external force
  • vertically positioning the CG as low as possible
26
Q

Higher the CG the ___ the amount of torque its motion creates about the support surface

A

greater

27
Q

the ratio of the moment arm of the force to the moment arm of the resistance for a given lever

A

mechanical advantage

28
Q

moment arm (force)/ moment arm (resistance)=

A

mechanical advantage

29
Q

Whenever the moment arm (force) is ____ than the moment arm (resistance) the magnitude of the applied force required to move the resistance is ___ than the magnitude of the resistance

A

greater, less

30
Q

___ mechanical advantage, the ___ force needed

A

greater, less

31
Q

a force can balance a ___ resistance when the force arm is_____ than the resistance arm

A

larger, longer

32
Q

force can move a resistance through a large range of motion when the force arm (Fa) is _____ than the resistance arm (Ra).

A

shorter

33
Q

what class of lever is most common in the human body

A

third class

34
Q

torque causing a body segment to rotate may be modified by changing either___ or _____

A

force or moment arm

35
Q

in the body, weight of a segment ___ be altered instantaneiously

A

cannot

36
Q

torque of a segment due to gravitational force can be changed only by changing nthe ___ of the moment arm

A

length

37
Q

muscle force that exert ___ are dependent on point of insertion of the muscle and changes in length, tension, and angle of pull

A

torque

38
Q

net moment or resultant joint torque

A

net torque

39
Q

sum of all external torques acting on the system

A

net torque

40
Q

what will net muscle moment determine

A

resulting motion, type of muscle action

** does not indicate how much force is produced by each muscle

41
Q

a motionless state in whcih there is no net force or net torque acting

A

static equilibrium

42
Q

the sum of all forces must be ___ for static equilibrium

A

zero

43
Q

resistance to linear acceleration

A

inertia (proportional to its mass)

44
Q

resistance to angular acceleration

A

dependent on the mass’s distribution in relation to the axis of rotation

45
Q

sum of the products of the mass element of an object and the square of the distance between the mass element and the axis of rotation

A

inertia

46
Q

factors that affect angular momentum

A

mass of object, distribution of mass relative to axis of rotation, angular velocity of the object

47
Q

in the absence of external torques, ___ is conserved

A

H

48
Q

angular impulse is required to change

A

H

49
Q

____ force is require for an object to rotate

A

centripetal

Biomechanics (4 decks)

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