Exam 2 (Ch 5,6,8,9) Flashcards
How many vertebrae are in the spine
33
How many regions of the spine are there
5
number of cervical vertebrae
7
number of thoracic vertbrae
12
number of lumbar vertebrae
5
number of sacrum vertebrae
5 fused
number of vertebrae in the coccyx
4 fused
vertebral size ____ from cervical to lumbar
increase
_____ joints limit the ROM in different regions of the spine
facet
____ joints assist in load bearing, particularly when the spine is in hyperextension
facet
facet joints sustain up to ____% of the compressive load of the spine
30
joints on the anterior part of the spine
symphysis joints
intervertebral discs are _____ structures
fibrocartilaginous
Center region of intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus ( colloidal gel with a high fluid content)
exterior of intervertebral discs
annulus fibrosus ( thick fibrocartilaginous ring
Curvature present from birth
Primary
Primary curvatures concave ___
anteriorly
Thoracic and Sacral curvatures are present
primarily
Curvature the develops after learning to sit/stand
secondary
secondary curvature concaves ____
posteriorly
Cervical and Lumbar curves are ____
Secondary
Exaggerated Lumbar Curve
Lordosis
Exaggerate Thoracic Curve
Kyphosis
Lateral Spinal Curvature
Scoliosis
Abnormal spinal curves associated with obesity and pregnancy
lordosis
congenital spinal curve abnormality
kyphosis
abnormal spinal curve from epiphyseal plate behavior
kyphosis
How many planes does the movement of the spine allow
3 planes and circumduction (like a ball and socket joint)
In normal standing position, body weight acts ____ on the spine
anteriorly
body weight acting vertically has components of both ___ and ____ force at most motion segments
compression, shear
lumbar hyperextension can create a bending load in the ____ direction
posterior
the load on the ____ lumbar disc during standing is reduced in the supine position only
3rd
lumbar hyperextension produces ____ loads at the ____ joints
compressive/facet
spinal rotation generates ____ stress in the ______ _____
shear/ intervertebral discs
What type of joint is the hip?
ball and socket
weakest component of the hip joint
femoral head
what makes the hip joint more stable
deeper socket and strong ligament
the hip is strengthened by ligaments arranged by _____ the joint
crossing the joint
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
two ilia and the sacrum
what ways can the pelvic girdle be rotated
forward, back ward, and laterally
What is the femoral movement of a posterior pelvic tilt
flexion
what is the femoral movement of a anterior pelvic tilt
extension
what is the femoral movement of a lateral pelvic tilt
abduction
The gluteus maximus, bicep femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus make up what muscle group
extensor muscles
iliacus and psoas major make up what muscle group
flexor muscles
the major abductor muscle at the hip is
gluteus medius, assisted by gluteus minimus
the major adductor muscles at the hip are
adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis
the major medial rotator muscle of the femur is
gluteus minimus, assisted by the tensor fascia latae, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gluteus medius
the ____ is never fully unloaded during daily activities
hip
as gait speed increases, the load on the hip___
increases
the risk of death for elderly increase by 5-8x during the first ____ months following the fracture
3 months
___% of femoral neck factures can be attributed to osteoporosis
50
The knee has how many joints
2
what are the 2 knee joints
tibiofemoral and patellofemoral
What is the largest hinge joint
tibiofemoral
what joint is behind the close packed position of full knee extension
tibiofemoral
cartilaginous disc located between the tibial and femoral condyles
menisci
what knee structure helps to absorb shock and distribute load over a large surface
menisci
force/contact area=
stress
What major ligaments cross the knee
collateral and cruciate
where does the collateral ligaments cross the knee
medially and laterally
where does the cruciate ligaments cross each other
cross each other in connecting anterior and posterior aspects of the knee
thickened band of the tensor fascia lata crossing the lateral portion of the knee
iliotibial band (IT)
articular capsule of the knee encompasses what joints?
tibiofemoral and patellofemoral
what is the largest bursa in the body
suprapatellar
where is the suprapatellar bursa positioned
between the femur and teh quad femoris tendon
what is the purpose of burse
prevents friction
how many bursae are of the knee
4, one in the articular capsule and 3 out
where does the patellofemoral joint lie
between the patella and femur
the patella improves the mechanical advantage of the knee extensors by as much as ____%
50 %
What are the movements of the knee
flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, and adduction/abduction
what “unlocks” the fully extended knee
popliteus
what muscles contribute to flexion at the knee
hamstrings, assisted by gracili, sartorius, popliteus, gastrocnemius
what muscles contribute to knee extension
rectus femoris, vastuc lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
compression is greatest in the tibiofemoral joint with an _____ knee
extended
compression force of the patellofemoral joint ____ during flexion
increases
4 knee ligaments
ACL,PCL, MCL, LCL
ACL
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
PCL
Posterior Cruciate Ligamnet
MCL
Medial Collateral Ligament
LCL
Lateral Collateral Ligament
Closed Packed Position
Full extension of the knee (standing, locked knees) , bone congruence
Loose Packed Position
25 degree knee flexion, minimal bony congruence, knee up and bent
relationship of the distal segment RELATIVE to the midline of the proximal segment
adduction/abduction
Contralateral pelvic drop
adduction
contralateral pelvic elevation
abduction
inward deviation in alignment from the PROXIMAL to the DISTAL end of the body segment
Varus
outward deviation in alignment from the PROXIMAL to the DISTAL end of a body segment
Valgus
describe alignment
varus/valgus
describe a motion or position
ad/abduction
bow legged knee alignment
varus
knock kneed alignment
valgus
the femur is slightly ___ in normal knee alignment
varus (about 2-3 degree)
women have a ___ knee alignment than men
wider
Ankle joint
tibiotalar joint