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kin 360 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss the assumptions that we have to consider prior to submaximal cycling testing? List 5 of those

A
  1. A steady-state HR is obtained for each exercise work rate
  2. A maximal HR for a given age is uniform (220-age)
  3. Mechanical efficiency (ie. VO2 at a given work rate) is the same for everyone.
  4. There is a linear relationship between HR and Workload
  5. HR will vary depending on fitness level between subjects at any given workload
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2
Q

What is the physiological rationale for YMCA cycle ergometer test?

A

measures heart rate response to an increasing exercise workload

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3
Q

VO2max (FICK Equation) represents the maximal rate of oxygen uptake during maximal aerobic exercise, and it is limited by? (In power point slides)

A
  1. The ability of the lungs to intake O2 and transport to the blood
  2. The ability of the blood to completely saturate with oxygen.
  3. The ability of the heart to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues, the ability of the blood vessels to carry the blood
  4. The ability of the muscles to extract oxygen and to utilize it.
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4
Q

What is VO2max?

A

VO2max represents the maximal rate of oxygen uptake during maximal aerobic exercise.

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5
Q

What are the central adaptations (limitations) to aerobic training? list 5

A
  1. Increased total blood volume
  2. Increased total hemoglobin
  3. Increased EDV and decreased ESV, resulting in increased SV
  4. Increased heart volume
  5. Decreased submaximal HR at any given power output
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6
Q

What are the peripheral limitations to oxygen consumption?

A
  1. Increased size and number of mitochondria and myoglobin concentration
  2. Increased capillary density
  3. Increased activity of oxidative enzymes in mitochondria (Succinate Dehydrogenase, Citrate Synthase, Cytochrome Oxidase)
  4. Elevated triglyceride and glycogen storage of muscle fibers
  5. Decreased lactic acid production and increased utilization
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7
Q

What does Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) represent?

A

allows the participant to provide a perception of the intensity of exertion

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8
Q

what does Metabolic Equivalent (MET) represent?

A

ratio of your working metabolic rate relative to your resting metabolic rate.

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9
Q

What does Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER) represent?

A

the ratio between the volume of CO2 being produced by the body and the amount of O2 being consumed

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10
Q

List the 5 criteria for the obtainment of VO2max

A
  1. Oxygen consumption plateaus and does not increase more than 150 mlmin-1 with a further increase in workload. (VO2peak)
  2. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) greater than 1.15
  3. Failure of the heart rate to increase with increasing exercise intensity
  4. Blood lactate levels rise above 8 mmolL-1
  5. Rating of perceived exertion greater than 17 using the original Borg scale (6 to 20)
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11
Q

Determine VO2, VCO2, RER, energy expenditure, and relative VO2.

A
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12
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The forces that circulating blood exerts on the arterial walls

BP = Cardiac Output (HR x SV) x Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

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13
Q

Hypertension

A

occurs when too much force or pressure is exerted against the wall of the arteries. 140 mmHg / 90 mmHg

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14
Q

systolic blood pressure

A
  • Pressure during ventricular contraction of the heart
  • First detectable sound
  • Caused by the escape of a bolus of blood at the peak point of pressure-causes walls to vibrate
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15
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A
  • Pressure during relaxation
  • Muffling of tapping sound or complete disappearance of sound
  • Caused by return to laminar flow
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16
Q

pulse pressure

A

Indicates increased risk for myocardial infarction (heart attack) or stroke
PP = SBP - DBP

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17
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

indicates myocardial O2 demand
MBP = (PP/3) + DBP
Sustained arterial pressure at rest or average blood pressure

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18
Q

List and explain 5 mechanism (physiological factors) that affect blood pressure responses (in our powerpoint slides)

A
  1. blood volume
  2. heart rate
  3. stroke volume
  4. blood viscosity
  5. peripheral resistance
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19
Q

What are the norms for normal Blood Pressure and hypertensive individuals?

A

Optimal: 120 mmHg / 80 mmHg
Hypertension: 140 mmHg / 90 mmHg

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20
Q

Discuss the significance of normal blood pressure and hypertension

A

Hypertension is right now is not problem, but 20 to 30 years you may have good canditate for MI

a strained heart weakens and tends to enlarge.
Increased blood pressure also scars and hardens the arteries, making them less elastic
Hypertension usually has: no early warning signs; Blood pressure checked at least once every two years.
If blood pressure is too high, then you can lower it through: diet, weight management, exercise and if necessary with medication.

A strained heart weakens and tends to enlarge.
Atherosclerosis

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21
Q

What are the end blood pressure criteria for stopping graded exercise? (in our powerpoint slides)

A

SBP > 250 mm Hg

DBP >115 mm Hg

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22
Q

responses of SBP and DBP to incremental exercise

A

SBP increases 10-15 mm Hg for each 50W

DBP remains the same

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23
Q

Explain the effect of atherosclerosis on exercise blood pressure.

A
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24
Q

Describe the electrical activity recorded via the electrocardiogram

A

is a graphical recording of the electrical current generated by the conducting system of the heart.

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25
Q

The EKG can detect

A

direction of the current, speed, and mass of tissue involved.

26
Q

What are the purposes of the ECG measurements?

A

Used to assess heart’s ability to conduct impulses as quantitively and qualitively.

27
Q

ECG: PURPOSE

A
  1. Use of ECG is to determine HR
  2. Arrhythmias (rhythm) ectopic (non-sinus) beats
  3. Heart disease (Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction)
  4. Chamber Hypertrophy (Hypertension vs. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy with Training)
  5. Conduction
28
Q

Describe the electrical conduction system in the heart.

A

The signals move slowly through a small mass in the atria, creating a small, round, upright wave (P wave) representing atrial depolarization. The signals move rapidly through a large mass in the ventricles, creating a large, upright spike (R wave) representing ventricular depolarization. The final large, rounded upright wave (T wave) represents ventricular repolarization.

29
Q

p wave

A

Atrial depolarization

Atrial Hyperthrophy

30
Q

QRS wave

A

Ventricular depolarization

31
Q

T wave:

A

Ventricular repolarization

32
Q

QRS Interval (< 0.12s):

A

ventricular Conduction

33
Q

R wave

A

Ventricular Hypertrophy)

34
Q

PR Interval (< 0.20s

A

Atrioventricular conduction

35
Q

QT Interval

A

Ventricular repolarization (may vary depending on the HR)

36
Q

ST Interval

A

Ischemia-hypoxia

37
Q

Determine heart rate and screen for ectopic beats from a EKG strips.

A

= Number of R-waves in a 6 second strip multiply by 10
= 1500 divided by the number of small boxes between consecutive R-waves

Paper speed = 25mm / second

38
Q

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs):

A

skipped or extra beats from impulses originating outside the SA node

39
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

three or more consecutive PVCs

40
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

rapid, uncoordinated depolarization of ventricles (can result in cardiac death)

41
Q

Atrial flutter

A

: rapid rate of atrial depolarization

42
Q

Tidal Volume

A

volume of air in a normal breath

43
Q

Force Vital Capacity (FVC)

A

When vital capacity is exhaled as quickly and forcefully as possible

44
Q

FVC is often measured in fitness and/or health clinics in order to assess

A

s the effects of smoking, disease, or environment, or as a part of the hydrostatic weighing test for body composition

45
Q

Force Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

A

ability to maximally exhale over a much shorter time

46
Q

Residual Volume

A

is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration

47
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

is the volume of air that can be inspired maximally at the end of a normal inspiration.

48
Q

vital capacity (VC

A

sum of three volumes, IRV, TV, and ERV

49
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

volume of air that can be expired maximally after a normal expiration

50
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

IRV, TV, and ERV, and residual volume

51
Q

Ventilation

A

moving air in and out

52
Q

Respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2

53
Q

how is residual volume measured

A

nitrogen washout method requires a nitrogen or oxygen analyzer, two helium dilution methods (multiple breath and single breath) require a helium analyzer,

54
Q

Obstructive Lung Disorders:

A

Characterized by a limitation of expiratory air flow so that airways cannot empty as rapidly compared to normal
Examples: Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis

55
Q

Restrictive Lung Disorders

A

Characterized by reduced lung volumes/decreased lung compliance, all may reduce vital capacity
Examples: Pneumonia, Cystic Fibrosis, aging

56
Q

obstructive airway effects on Fev and fvc

A

fev: cuts off, returns
fvc: declines

57
Q

restrictive airway effects on Fev and fvc

A

fev: cuts off
fvc: fast decline

58
Q

What is meant by ATPS

A

the volume of ambient (A) air is at laboratory pressure, at or near laboratory temperature, and is saturated

59
Q

BTPS conditions

A

The final recorded respiratory lung volumes are expressed in terms of BTPS, where the BT represents resting body temperature, the P represents the barometric pressure at the test site, and the S represents the saturation level of the air volume.

60
Q

Lung size is influence by

A

height of the individual

kin 360 (8 decks)

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