Final - compare/contrast Flashcards
Compare/Contrast - intrinsic / extrinsic pathways
intrinsic are already present within the blood and are the workhorse of coagulation
extrinsic is triggered by the tissue factor and bypasses several steps when compared to the intrinsic pathway. it is the spark in coagulation as its a faster process
Describe the coronary circulation
blood supply to the heart uncle itself
Arteries - R&L coronary arteries, circumflex, anterior interventricular
Veins - small cardiac, anterior cardiac, great cardiac veins, coronary sinus
compare/contrast - angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
angina = acute thoracic pain caused by a temporary blockage in blood supply to the myocardium MI = prolonged coronary blockage. lack of O2, cells die. prognosis depends on severity
compare/contrast - skeletal muscle to cardiac muscle
caridac muscles - striated, short, fat, branched, uninucleate and interconnected by intercalated discs. numerous mitochondria
skeltal muslce - striated, uninucleate, long, thin, w/o intercalated discs. less mitochondria
describe cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped through the heart in one minute
CO = heart rate x stroke volume
ie. 75bpm x 70ml/beat = 5.25 L/min
What are the three main factors that affect stroke volume
Preload - degree of muscle stretch
Contractility - force of contraction caused by more Ca++
Afterload - the pressure that needs to be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood
Compare/contrast - L to R sided heart failure
LEFT - causes pulmonary congestion and blood accumulates around lungs
RIGHT - causes systemic congestion (EDEMA). Blood accumulates at extremities
difference between pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure
pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic
M.A.P. = diastolic + 1/3(systolic - diastolic)
What are the affects of angiotensin II
It’s a systemic vasoconstrictor which increases peripheral resistance which in turn increases blood pressure.
Aldosterone secreted by the adrenal cortex increases renal absorption of sodium which in turn increases blood pressure
What produces voice production
speech = intermittent release of expired air
pitch = length and tension of the vocal cords
loudness = depends on force of air passing over the vocal cords
amplified and enhanced through chambers of the pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities
What structural changes occur from bronchi through bronchioles
- cartilage from C rings to irregular plates to none in the bronchioles.
- epithelium goes from pseudostratified columnar with Cilia to columnar epithelium with a few cilia to cuboidal epithelium in the bronchioles
- the relative amount of smooth muscle increases as the tubes get smaller. Bronchioles have complete rings of muscle
Define lung compliance
Ability of the lung to respond to changes in transpulmonary pressure. Higher the compliance the less the effort needed to breathe
What decreases lung compliance
Scar tissue
Reduced production of surfactant
Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage and surrounding muscles
List some homeostatic imbalances of oxygen transport - hypoxia
- anemic hypoxia - insufficient RBCs
- Ischemic hypoxia - blocked blood supply to tissues
- histotoxic hypoxia - cells cannot utilize oxygen
- hypoxemic hypoxia - oxygen not getting to RBC’s
all = shortage of oxygen to tissues
CO2 is transported in the blood in three forms
7-10% dissolved in the plasma
20% bound to glob in of haemoglobin
60-70% is carried as bicarbonate HCO3 in plasma
compare/contrast - Bohr and Haldane effects
As carbon dioxide enters the bloodstream, it causes more oxygen to disassociate from Hb (BOHR). Which in turn allows more carbon dioxide to combine with Hb and more bicarbonate ions to be formed (HALDANE)
