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Y-HSC 111 > Chapter 9/10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9/10 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two types of muscle attachment

A

Origin - usually proximal

Insertion - usually distal

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2
Q

how do muscles move body parts

A

they contract and shorten, bringing the part closer.

generally work in antagonistic pairs (i.e.bicep/tricep)

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3
Q

what are the functional groups of skeletal muscles

A

prime mover (agonist) - provide the force
antagonist - reverse the particular movement
reversal of roles - agonist and antagonist reverse roles
synergists - add force to a movement. assist prime mover
Fixator - immobilze a bone, stabilize joint. (posture)

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4
Q

List some criteria for naming skeletal muscle

A

Location - (intercostal)
Shape - (trapezium - trapezoid/diamond shape)
Relative size - (maximus/minimus)
Direction of fivers - (stright/parallel, oblique/angle)
Number of origins - (bi/tri/quadricep)
location of attachment - point of origin/insertion
Action - movement (flexion)

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5
Q

T/F - the position of muscles relative to the joint dictate the movement carried out

A

TRUE - ie. anterior muscles produce flexion, laterla/abduction, posterior/ extension

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6
Q

Describe the different arrangement of fascicles/muscles

A

circular - Oris
convergent - broad to narrow (pectorals major)
Parallel - to long axis (sartorius)
fusiform - spindle-shaped (biceps)
pennate - short oblique fascicle (Uni, bi, multipennate - feather like)

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7
Q

name the components of the lever system

A

Lever - bone that moves
Fulcrum - Pivot point (joint)
Effort - force applied by muscle contraction
Load - resistance of weight/bone/tissue

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8
Q

Name the three classes of lever system

A

first class - fulcrum between load and effort (tilting head back
Second class - load between fulcrum and effort (wheel barrow)
third class - effort applied between fulcrum and load (tweezers)

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9
Q

Name the muscles involved with facial expression

A

Epicranius
orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus

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10
Q

Name the muscles involved in mastication

A

Temporalis

Masseter

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11
Q

name the muscles involved in head movement

A

sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

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12
Q

name the muscles in the abdominal wall

A

Internal obliques
External obliques
rectus abdominus

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13
Q

name the muscles involved in respiration

A

External intercostals
Internal intercostals
diaphragm
Pectoris major

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14
Q

Name the muscles of the shoulder, bank and arm

A 
Deltoid
Trapezius
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
brachialis
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15
Q

Anterior muscles of the pelvis

A

Ilopsoas - Psoas major, Iliaus

Quadricep femurs group - Rectus femoris, vastus laterals, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, sartorius

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16
Q

Posterior muscles of the leg and hip

A

Gluteal Group - Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
Hamstrings - biceps femoris, semitendinous, semi-membranous, gastrocnemius

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17
Q

Origin of gastrocnemius

A

femur

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18
Q

kissing muscle

A

obicularis oris

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19
Q

action caused by triceps brachii

A

extension

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20
Q

muscle with four heads

A

quadricep femoris

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21
Q

origin on pubic crest and symphysis, insertion on sternum and ribs

A

rectus abdominus

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22
Q

breathing muscle

A

diaphragm

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23
Q

prime mover of arm abduction

A

deltoid

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24
Q

prime mover of flexion at the elbow

A

biceps brachii

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25
made up of iliac us and psoas major
Iliopsoas
26
one of the origins of the sternocleidomastoid
clavicle or manubrium os sternum
27
triangular muscle that stabilizes, raises, retracts and rotates the scapula
trapezius
28
what does muscle contraction cause bones to do
pull
29
muscle that causes the flexion of the neck
sternocleidomastoid
30
prime mover of jaw closure
masseter
31
muscle that raises eyebrows
frontalis
32
fascicles arranged like many feathers side by side
multipennate
33
longest muscle in the body
sartorius
34
action of arm caused by pectorals major
flexion
35
how many pairs of internal intercostal muscles are there
eleven
36
ion that triggers muscle contraction by binding to tropomycin
calcium
37
ions that move out of the cell to cause repolarzation
potassium
38
what is a T-tubule and terminal cisternae on either side of it called
triad
39
whats the pivot point of a lever called
fulcrum
40
end of muscle that does not move
origin
41
muscle stripes
striations
42
type of muscle found in the digestive tract
smooth muscle
43
what is it called when a muscle can physiologically no longer respond to stimulus
fatigue
44
name the pigment that stores oxygen in the muscle
myoglobin
45
model used to explain skeletal muscle contraction
sliding filament
46
functional unit of skeletal muscle
sarcomere
47
thick filaments in muscle
myosin
48
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
sarcoplasm
49
shape of smooth muscle cells
spindle
50
membrane system that stores calcium in muscle cells
sarcoplasmic reticulum
51
attachment point of distal end of muscle
insertion
52
bundles wrapped by permysium
fascicle
53
light band that disappears during contraction
I-band
54
neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells
acetylcholine
55
ability to stretch
extensibility
56
the ability to recoil
elasticity
57
ions that move not cell to cause depolarization
sodium
58
the protein that blocks the binding sites on actin
troponin
59
the protein wrapped around actin
tropomysin
60
degeneration and loss of muscle mass
atrophy
61
force exerted by a muscle on an object
tension
62
form the ends of a sarcomere
Z-discs
63
ability to decrease in length
contractility
64
responsiveness to stimulation
excitability
65
membrane around the outside of muscle cell
sarcolemma
66
bundles of actin and myosin
myofibrils
67
what are the requirements for skeletal muscle contraction
activation (neural stimulation) and excitation-contraction coupling (action potential along sarcolemma. Ca++ increase)
68
what travels across the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle cell
acetylcholine (ACH)
69
role of calcium in relation to muscle contraction
high concentration = stimulation/contraction | low concentration = relaxation/resting
70
name 3 roles that calcium plays in contraction
- action potential triggers calcium gates to open - action potential triggers release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to troponin to move the tropomyosin out of the way so myosin can bind to actin and perform power stroke - calcium binds to calmodulin ~ activates kinases ~ converts glycogen to glucose ~ fuel for ATP production
71
What is the energy for contractions and how is it regenerated
ATP!!!!!!! Regenerated by: -Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate -Anaerobic pathways (glycolysis) - pyretic acid is converted to lactic acid diffuses into blood then converted back by liver for use again Aerobic respiration - produces ATP during rest and light to moderate exercise. uses glycogen first, thenblodd glucose. (most efficient way of ATP generation!!)
72
muscle fatigue happens when?
ionic imbalance Ca++ depletion lack of ATP
73
O/I/A - Frontalis
O - Galea aponeurotica I - skin of eyebrows/nose A - raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
74
O/I/A - zygomaticus
O - zygomatic bone I - skin at side of mouth A - smiling, raise corner of mouth
75
O/I/A - orbicularis oculi
O - frontal and maxillary bone I - skin, eyelid tissue A - closes eyelids, winking, blinking
76
O/I/A - orbicularis oris
O - mandible and maxilla I - skin, encircles mouth A - kissing, puckering, potrudes lips
77
O/I/A - masseter
O - zygomatic arch/bone I - ramus of mandible A - open/closes jaw
78
O/I/A - temporalis
O - temporal fossa I - coronoid process A - yawning, closes jaw
79
O/I/A - sternocleidomastoid
O - manubrium of sternum, clavicle I - mastoid process A - flexion of head
80
O/I/A - Splenius
O - spinous process of vertebrae I - mastoid process A - extension of head, hyperexternsion
81
O/I/A - rectus abdominus
O - pubis I - sternum. ribs 5 to 7 A - flexion/rotation at waist. stabilizes pelvis
82
O/I/A - external oblique
O - lower 8 ribs I - linea alba A - flexion/rotation of trunk
83
O/I/A - internal oblique
O - lumbar fascia, Iliac crest I - lines alba A - flexion/rotation of trunk
84
O/I/A - diaphragm
O - lower edge of rib cage, lumbar vertebrae I - central tendon (aponeuroses) A - increases volume of thorax, inspiration
85
O/I/A - external intercostals
O - bottom of the top rib above I - Top of the rib below A - raises rib cage, inspiration
86
O/I/A - Internal intercostals
O - top of the lower rib I - bottom of the upper rib (rib above) A - pulls rib cage down, forced expiration
87
O/I/A - pectoralis major
O - sternum, clavicle I - tubercle of humerus A - raises rib cage, forced inspiration, prime mover of arm
88
O/I/A - trapezius
O - thoracic vertebrae I - acromion, spine of scapula A - raises/retracts/rotates scapula
89
O/I/A - deltoid
O - spine of scapula I - tuberosity of humerus A - abduction of arm
90
O/I/A - pectoralis major
O - clavicle, sternum I - tubercle of humerus A - Flexion/rotation/adduction of arm
91
O/I/A - latissimus dorsi
O - Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae I - humerus A - extension/adduction of arm
92
O/I/A - biceps brachii
O - coracoid process of scapula I - radial tuberosity A - flexion of elbow
93
O/I/A - triceps brachii
O - glenoid cavity of scapula I - olecranon of ulna A - extension of forearm/elbow
94
O/I/A - brachialis
O - humerus I - ulna A - flexion of forearm/elbow
95
what are the components of blood
plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%) Erythrocytes - red blood cells (RBC's) Leukocytes - White blood cells (WBC's) Thrombocytes - platelets
96
list some physical characteristics of blood
``` approx. 5L volume 8% of body weight pH of 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic) sticky, opaque, salty bright red (high O), dark red (low O) ```
97
list some functions of blood
transport/distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones regulates temperature, pH, blood volume/pressure protection against blood loss (hemostasis, clotting), infection
98
what is the blood plasma comprised of
90% water, 2% dissolved materials (ions, wastes, gases, urea) and 8% proteins consisting of: 60% albumin 36% globulins (transport proteins and antibodies) 4% clotting proteins - fibrinogen, prothrombin
99
list some stats about RBC's
1. they are anucleate (no nucleus) 2. there are about 5M of them in the human body 3. each RBC can carry about 1 billion oxygen molecules 4. they are highly flexible 5. they use anaerobic respiration to produce ATP
100
blood cell formation in red bone marrow
hematopoiesis
101
decreased oxygen content of blood
hypoxia
102
what is Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone produced mainly by the kidneys (liver too) in response to hypoxia
103
list the phases of development in erythropoiesis (RBC production)
hemocytoblast, proerythroblast, early erythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte and then released into blood

Y-HSC 111 (9 decks)

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