Chapter 17 Flashcards by Michael Hing

what is the yellow pigment produced during breakdown of hemoglobin

bilirubin

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average number of months that RBC lives in the blood stream

3 months (about 100 days)

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immature RBC released into blood stream from marrow

reticulocyte

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what is a floating blood clot in the blood stream

embolus - a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream

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what organ releases EPO (erythropoietin)

kidney

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develops from monocytes, big eaters

leukocytes

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name the process by which WBC’s squeeze through the walls of capillaries and into the tissues

diapedesis

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type of anemia caused by genetic mutation in hemoglobin synthesis

sickle cell anemia

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largest component of blood

water

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type of WBC that triggers inflammation by releasing histamines

basophils

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yellow pigment produced during breakdown of hemoglobin

bilirubin

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clotting disorder caused by too few platelets

thrombocytopenia

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most common leukocyte

neutrophil

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organelle present in all WBC’s but not in mature RBC’s

nucleus

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pigment that carries oxygen

hemoglobin

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genetic disorder caused by lack of a plasma clotting factor

hemophilia

insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during homeostasis

fibrin

describe vascular spasm

vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contracts

name the three phases to coagulation

Prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
Prothrombin is converted to Thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh

describe the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

INTRINSIC are already there and are triggered by negatively charged surfaces. Uses factors present within the blood
EXTRINSIC are outside factors that are triggered by exposure to the tissue factor. It bypasses several steps and therefore is FASTER than intrinsic pathway

describe the pathway to Throbmin

Prothrombin activator catalyzes the transformation of prothrombin to Thrombin. Thrombin is the an active enzyme

describe the common pathway to the fibrin mesh

thrombin convert fibrinogen into fibrin
fibrin strands form the structural base of a clot
fibrin causes the plasma to become a gel-like trap for formed elements
Thrombin, with Ca++, activates factor XIII
Cross-links the fibrin
strengthens and stabilizes the clot

what is hemaphelia

someone who bleeds easily (poor clotting) because they lack one of the necessary clotting factors

What is fibrinolysis

plasminogen in clot is conveted to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), factor XII and thrombin.
Plasmin digests and breaks fibrin down into amino acids

describe some factors limiting Clot Growth or formation

a. swift removal and dilution of clotting factors b. inhibition of activated clotting factors c. platelet adhesion is prevented by anti thrombotic substances (nitric oxide, prostacyclin)

what is a thromboembolytic disorder. describe and prevention measures

undesirable clot formation 1. thrombus - clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel 2. embolus - a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream PREVENTION: aspirin (prevents platelets from sticking together), heparin (inhibits thrombin formation), warfarin (inhibits clotting)

what is disseminated intravascular coagulation

1. leads to widespread clotting throughout intact vessels 2. severe bleeding occurs because residual blood is unable to clot 3. can occur as a complication of pregnancy as a result of septicaemia (incompatible blood transfusion-blood infection)

what are some prevention measures for thromboembolytic disorders

aspirin - prevents platelets from sticking together heparin - inhibits thrombin formation warfarin - inhibits clotting (aka. rat poison)

name three bleeding disorders

Thrombocytopenia (lack of platelets) impaired liver function (liver disease) hemophelia (hereditary bleeding disorder)

describe hemophelia and the types

lacking of one of the necessary clotting factors leading to prolonged bleeding. treated with transfusion and injection of missing factors Hemo A - most common. deficiency in factor VIII (sex linked. mostly males) Hemo B - deficiency of factor IX (sex linked) Hemo C - deficiency of factor XI (Not sex linked)

what is thrombocytopenia

deficient number of circulating platelets. petechiae (red spots) appear due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage & suppression /destruction of bone marrow. <50,000/mm is disgostic and treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets

what is impaired liver function

inability to synthesize procoagulants. Caused by vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Can also prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and bit K absorption