FINAL: CNS the brain

Question 1

what is the difference btwn sulci and fissures

Answer 1

sulci: shallow
fissures: deeper

Question 2

what is the point of gyri and sulci?

Answer 2

inc. surface area of the brain

Question 3

what is the cortex the pre-central gyrus is responsible for?

Answer 3

motor cortex

Question 4

what is the cortex the post-central gyrus is responsible for?

Answer 4

sensory cortex

Question 5

What tracts descend from the pre-central gyrus?

Answer 5

pyramidal tracts or corticospinal tracts

Question 6

what tracts go to the post-central gyrus

Answer 6

spinothalamic tracts and spinocerebellar tracts

Question 7

Where is the tentorium cerebelli? what is it made of

Answer 7

btwn occipital lobe and cerebellum
- dural membrane

Question 8

where is the falx cerebri and what is it made of

Answer 8

longitudinal cerebral fissure (btwn hemispheres
- double-folded dura mater membrane

Question 9

where is the falx cerebelli?

Answer 9

separates 2 cerebellar hemispheres

Question 10

in embryo, a neural tube is formed from which 3 cavities or section will develop:

Answer 10

1. Prosencephalon (telecephalon, diencephalon)
2. Mesencephalon
3. Rhombencephalon (metencephalon, myelencephalon)

Question 11

Which section of the brain is the cerebrum in?

Answer 11

Prosencephalon (telencephalon)

Question 12

Cerebral hemispheres are mirror images of each other in many ways but there are

Answer 12

functional distinctions btwn them

Question 13

Development and use of language are located in which hemisphere?

Answer 13

left

Question 14

3-D visualization and artistic creations are located in which hemisphere?

Answer 14

right

Question 15

Where is the conscious mind?

Answer 15

cerebral cortex, grey matter, unmyelinated

Question 16

is white matter myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 16

myelinated

Question 17

What are the 3 types of tracts of myelinated fibers in internal white matter?

Answer 17

1. Commissural tracts
   - connect hemispheres (across)
2. Association tracts
   - connect 2 areas in 1 hemisphere (side to side)
3. Projection tracts
   - connect cortex w other areas of CNS (up and down)

Question 18

What are some of the commissural tracts of the brain?

Answer 18

corpus callosum, ant./post. commissures

Question 19

what are some of the association tracts of the brain?

Question 20

what are some of the projection tracts of the brain?

Answer 20

tracts in cerebral peduncles, spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tracts

Question 21

What are the basal ganglia made of and what are the 3 main structures

Answer 21

several masses of grey matter (nuclei):
- caudate nucleus
- amygdala (amygdaloid nucleus)
- lentiform nucleus: globus pallidus and putamen

Question 22

what is the role of basal ganglia

Answer 22

• relay station for motor impulses
• autonomic mvmts of skeletal muscle (moving arms while walking)
• control initiation, termination, intensity

Question 23

what happens in disorders of basal ganglia? what are 2 examples

Answer 23

involuntary contractions of skeletal m. (disruption of m. mvmt integrity)
- muscle spasticity
- parkinson’s disease

Question 24

“dia”
“encephalos”

Answer 24

through/across
brain

Question 25

what is the diencephalon comprised of

Answer 25

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 26

what are the 2 endocrine glands in the diencephalon?

Answer 26

pineal gland and pituitary gland

Question 27

what is the thalamus made of, what is it connected by, and what does it surround?

Answer 27

- 2 masses of gray matter - connected by intermediate mass (interthalamic adhesion) - surround 3rd ventricle

Question 28

what is the role of the thalamus?

Answer 28

- principle sensory relay station (afferent): gateway to cortex - involuntary motor (efferent): maintenance of consciousness - early conscious recognition of sensations related to survival (touch, pressure)

Question 29

what forms part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 29

pineal gland

Question 30

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 30

melatonin

Question 31

What are the possible functions of the pineal gland?

Answer 31

may inhibit secretion of FSH and LH from ant. pituitary gland regulate body rhythms

Question 32

what is the major regulator of homeostasis (housed in sella turcica)

Answer 32

hypothalamus

Question 33

what are the 6 functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 33

S: sleep and awakening patterns H: hormone production (oxytocin, ADH) E: emotional/behavioural pattern regulation F: food (regulation of eating and drinking) A: ANS control center (digestion, respiration, HR) T: temperature control of blood/body

Question 34

what are the projections of the hypothalamus

Answer 34

- mammillary bodies - pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Question 35

where are the mammillary bodies and what are they associated with?

Answer 35

- base of brain & hypothalamus (2 round masses) - associated w smell

Question 36

Where is does the pituitary gland extend from and what are some of the parts associated with it?

Answer 36

- extends from mammillary bodies - connected by tuber cinerium - pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

Question 37

where is the midbrain/mesencephalon?

Answer 37

btwn diencephalon and pons

Question 38

what is in the midbrain?

Answer 38

- cerebral peduncles ("stalk" of white matter) - corpora quadrigemina (reflexe centers): sup. colliculi (sight), inf. colliculi (hearing)

Question 39

what are the parts of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)?

Answer 39

- metencephalon (pons & cerebellum) - myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

Question 40

what is the pons made of and what does it control

Answer 40

- white matter and scattered masses of nuclei (grey matter) - controls breathing rhythm

Question 41

what does the pons connect (bridge), and what cranial nerves is it associated with?

Answer 41

connect sc and brain, brain parts with each other - associated w CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Question 42

where is the vermis of the cerebellum?

Answer 42

btwn the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

Question 43

what is the grey matter of the cerebellum called? what is the white matter of the cerebellum called?

Answer 43

grey: cerebellar cortex white: arbor vitae

Question 44

what is the role of the cerebellum

Answer 44

"automatic pilot" for motor responses - posture & balance: fine tune mvmts (constant feedback), resolves diff btwn intended and actual mvmts

Question 45

What are the roles of the cerebellar peduncles?

Answer 45

- sensory info from sensory organs in muscles, jnts, inner ear - allow brain to determine status of voluntary motor activities, equilibrium and balance - coordintae/provide precision to skeletal m. contraction initiated by cerebrum

Question 46

Where is the medulla oblongata and what kind of matter is it?

Answer 46

inf. to pons all the way until s.c. - outside: white - inside: grey

Question 47

What kind of nerves does the white matter of the medulla oblongata consist of?

Answer 47

all ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve fibers btwn brain and s.c.

Question 48

In which structure in the decussation of pyramids?

Answer 48

medulla oblongata

Question 49

What is the role of the grey matter in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 49

reflex centers: visceral reflexes, consciousness, arousal

Question 50

What cranial nerves is the medulla oblongata associated with?

Answer 50

VIII (originates in the pons), IX, X, XI, XII

Question 51

What are the 3 reflex centers in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 51

- cardiac - vasomotor - respiratory (also in the pons)

Question 52

What is the role of the cardiac reflex center?

Answer 52

HR reg. (rate, force)

Question 53

What is the role of the vasomotor reflex center?

Answer 53

reg. BP by varying diameter of blood vessels

Question 54

What is the role of the respiratory reflex center? (medullary rhythmicity area)

Answer 54

controls depth and rhythm of breathing

Question 55

What are the 3 things protecting the brain?

Answer 55

skull, CSF, meninges

Question 56

What are the meninges of the brain?

Answer 56

- pia matter (gentle mother) - arachnoid layer (similar to spider web) - dura mater (tough mother): falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

Question 57

T/F: meninges of the brain are continuous w/ those of the spinal cord

Answer 57

T

Question 58

Where is the CSF produced and found?

Answer 58

Produced within ventricles: - 2 lateral ventricles - 1 third ventricle (center of diencephalon) - 1 fourth ventricle (btwn cerebellum and medulla oblongata) Travels btwn ventricles via: - interventricular foramen (Monroe) - Cerebral aqueduct (of midbrain) Travels out of 4th ventricles via: - 2 lateral apertures (foramen of Luschka) - 1 median aperture (foramen of Magendie)

Question 59

How is CSF formed?

Answer 59

filtration of blood plasma through dense capillary networks (choroid plexus)

Question 60

Capillary walls of choroid plexus and supporting neuroglia (astrocytes) form part of the:

Answer 60

Blood Brain Barrier