Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the 3 components of the CV system?

Answer 1

• Blood
• Heart
• Blood vessels

Question 2

What are the 3 general functions of the CV system

Answer 2

1. Transportation
2. Regulation
3. Protection

Question 3

What does the CV system transport?

Answer 3

• O2
• CO2
• Nutrients
• Heat
• Wastes

Question 4

What is the pathway of transport of O2 and CO2

Answer 4

O2 + nutrients: blood, interstitial fluid, body cells
CO2 + wastes: body cells, interstitial fluid, blood

Question 5

What does the CV system regulate?

Answer 5

• pH
• Body Temp
• Water content of cells

Question 6

How does the CV system protect?

Answer 6

• Clotting
• Phagocytosis
• Antibodies

Question 7

What is the composition of blood?

Answer 7

Plasma (proteins, water, other solutes) + Formed Elements (Platelets, WBC, RBC)

Question 8

What are plasma proteins made of? Where are they synthesized?

Answer 8

Liver
- Albumins
- Globulins (immunoglobulins-antibodies)
- Fibrinogen

Question 9

What is the role of albumins (blood plasma)?

Answer 9

• transport fatty acids
• help keep H2O from diffusing out of the blood

Question 10

What is the role of globulins (blood plasma)?

Answer 10

• produced during certain immune responses, stimulated by foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses)

Question 11

What is the role of fibrinogen (blood plasma)?

Answer 11

• essential for blood clotting

Question 12

What is Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)?

Answer 12

Formation of blood cells
- occurs in red bone marrow (spongy bone)
- yellow bone marrow produces in emergencies

Question 13

What is Hematocrit?

Answer 13

% of total blood volume occupied by RBC

Question 14

What is Anemia?

Answer 14

Significant decrease in hematocrit

Question 15

What is Polycythemia?

Answer 15

Significant increase in hematocrit (increased viscosity)

Question 16

What are 3 causes of Polycythemia?

Answer 16

• tissue hypoxia
• dehydration
• blood doping

Question 17

What is an erythrocyte?

Answer 17

RBC

Question 18

What is Hemoglobin?

Answer 18

Oxygen-carrying protein in RBC

Question 19

What is the anatomy of a RBC?

Answer 19

• biconcave disc
• strong/flexible plasma membrane
• contain glycolipids which act as antigens
• lack a nucleus and other organelles

Question 20

Do RBCs act aerobically or anaerobically?

Answer 20

Anaerobically

Question 21

What is the function of a RBC?

Answer 21

• Specialized for O2 transport
• Contain hemoglobin: 4x globin (polypeptide) + 4x heme (has Fe2+ on which O2 binds)
• helps in BP regulation
• generate ATP anaerobically

Question 22

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 22

Production of RBCs

Question 23

Describe erythropoiesis.

Answer 23

• begins in red bone marrow
• once cell passes into blood stream, usually matures within 1-2 days
• life span around 120days
• if erythropoiesis < RBC destruction rate: HYPOXIA

Question 24

What are causes of hypoxia?

Answer 24

• high altitude
• anemia (lack of iron/certain aa/vit B12): fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skin
• circulatory problems

Question 25

What is stimulated once hypoxia occurs?

Answer 25

Stimulates the kidneys to increase the release of erythropoietin

Question 26

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 26

Hormone that travels to red bone marrow to engage more erythropoiesis

Question 27

What is a leukocyte?

Answer 27

WBC

Question 28

Describe WBCs

Answer 28

- crucial to body's defense against disease - contain a nucleus - do not contain hemoglobin - granular vs agranular - usually lives a few days (can go up to months/years): when infected, only a few hrs

Question 29

What are WBCs made of?

Answer 29

- neutrophils - lymphocytes - monocytes - eosinophils - basophils

Question 30

What are Phagocytes?

Answer 30

Granular WBC - Neutrophils: consume/destroy bacteria - eosinophils: role in ending allergic rxns/parasite infections; found along digestive tube - basophils: release histamine in later stages of inflammation

Question 31

What are the agranular WBC?

Answer 31

- Lymphocytes: role in immunity, react to specific foreign molecule - Monocytes: transform into macrophage, migrate from blood to tissues (chronic diseases, viral infections)

Question 32

What is leukopenia?

Answer 32

Abnormal low lvls of WBC (radiation, shocks, chemotherapy)

Question 33

What is leukocytosis?

Answer 33

Increase in number of WBC

Question 34

What is the function of WBCs?

Answer 34

- combat pathogens entering the body (by phagocytosis) - leave bloodstream and enter area of inflammation (do not return to blood stream) - inc. in number when inflammation/injury occurs

Question 35

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 35

Platelets

Question 36

Describe platelets

Answer 36

- no nucleus - aid in stopping blood loss: platelet plug - release chemicals to promote blood clotting - life span: 5-9days - removed from system by fixed macrophage in spleen and liver - adhere to lining of unhealthy vessels (result: scaring, inflammation, atherosclerosis, unwanted clotting)

Question 37

Describe Anemia

Answer 37

- reduced O2 carrying capacity - inadequate absorption of iron, excess loss of iron - insufficient hemopoiesis - excess loss of RBC (destruction rate > production rate) - premature rupturing of RBC

Question 38

Describe Sickle cell disease

Answer 38

- inherited - abnormal hemoglobin formation (ruptures easily, decreased O2 delivery (hemoglobin crystallizes)): causes tissue damage

Question 39

Describe hemophilia

Answer 39

- deficiency of clotting - results in uncontrolled bleeding w/ minor trauma

Question 40

Describe leukemia

Answer 40

- uncontrolled production and accumulation of mature/immature leukocytes