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final animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Animal key concepts

A

Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

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2
Q

animals are very-

A

diverse

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3
Q

Kingdom animalia

A

a monophyletic kingdom of multicellular organisms within the eukaryotes

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4
Q

Characteristics of (typical) animals

A

Nutritional mode

Cell structure and Specialization
-Unique cell types

reproduction and development

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5
Q

Animals Nutritional mode

A

– Heterotrophs
– Ingest food

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6
Q

Cell structure and Specialization

A

Collagen is the main structural protein in animals

Unique cell types
– Nerve cells
– Muscle cells
– Usually surrounded by membranes

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7
Q

Reproduction and development

A

Most animals reproduce sexually

  • Diploid stage usually dominant
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8
Q

Exceptions for reproduction and development

A
  • Some animals can/must reproduce asexually
    -animals where there is only females

In some animals, the haploid stage dominates:

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9
Q

Do animals have cell walls?

A

no, so they have structural proteins instead, like collagen

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10
Q

Early animal development

A

Sperm fertilizes egg
– Small, flagellated sperm and large, non-motile egg

  • Zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage
  • Cleavage leads to formation of a blastula
  • Blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming a
    gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues
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11
Q

Embryonic tissue layers give rise to different tissues:

A

the Endoderm of the archenteron gives rise to the tissue lining the
digestive tract

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12
Q

Gastrulation

A

process in which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and fills blastocoel, producing a hole

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13
Q

gametocytes

A

specific subclass of meiocyte cuz product produced is a gamete

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14
Q

gametes

A

sperm and eggs

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15
Q

normally diploid stage is-

A

dominant

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16
Q

parthenogenesis

A

produces female colonial lineages

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17
Q

Cephalization

A

movement of sensory organs to anterior

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18
Q

What is the blastula?

A

a hollow ball of cells, produced by cleavage after zygote

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19
Q

What does coel mean on blastcoel

A

empty room

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20
Q

What are the holes on animals

A

1 hole = gastrovascular cavity

2 holes = mouth, and anus

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21
Q

diploblastic animals

A

has 2 embryotic layers
-endoderm and ectoderm

-simplest animals with true tissues

-mainly jellyfish

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22
Q

What are the three embryotic layers

A

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

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23
Q

Larval stage(s)

A

Many (most) animals have at least one larval
stage

completely different when adults - butterfly’s

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24
Q

What defines a larval stage?

A

Sexually immature

Morphology

Nutrition

metamorphosis

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25
Q

What are the advantage with larval stages?

A

less competition from parents are larva for food since they eat different things

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26
Q

Hox genes

A

Almost all animals, and only animals, have Hox genes that regulate the development of body form
-cephalization

  • Although the Hox family of genes has been highly
    conserved, it produces a wide diversity of animal
    morphology
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27
Q

What do plants and animals have in common?

A

multicellular

ukaryotic

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28
Q

Three lines of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals

A

.Cell morphology

Cell morphology unique to animal cells

DNA sequence homology

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29
Q

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following?

A

heterokaryotic and dikaryotic cells

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30
Q

spores are always-

A

haploid -fungi

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31
Q

animals are less suseptible to parasitic fungi than plants cuz-

A

-animals have an immune system

-we evolved to with stand it (natural selection)

-we can move around

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32
Q

ediacaran animals are-

A

injestive heterotrophs

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33
Q

“Cambrian Explosion”

A
  • Unprecedented diversification of animals
  • Most of the fossils from it are of bilaterians, organisms that have the following traits:
    – Bilaterally symmetric form
    – Complete digestive tract
    – One-way digestive system

its where a huge amount of species evolved

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34
Q

Why did the Cambrian Explosion occur?

A

Several hypotheses

– New predator-prey relationships

– A rise in atmospheric oxygen

– The evolution of the Hox gene complex

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35
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

one of the caldes within the insects

triplo bilatera
-coelom- could have none, false, or true

lophotrochoza, deuterostomia
ecdysozoa

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36
Q

Mesozoic

A

dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates

  • Angiosperms and insects
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37
Q

cenozoic

A

Cenozoic era followed mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals

  • Includes large, non-flying dinosaurs, marine reptiles
  • Modern mammal orders and insects diversified during the Cenozoic
  • Global climate cooled

-animals became a major group, where we are right now

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38
Q

Body plan

A

a set of morphological and developmental traits

  • Some body plans have been conserved (spongi)
    -barely changed

while others (us) have changed multiple times over the course of evolution

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39
Q

symmetry

A
  • Animals can be categorized according to
    symmetry of their bodies, or lack of it
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40
Q

radial symmetry

A

no front and back, or left and right

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41
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

Two-sided symmetry

  • Bilaterally symmetrical animals have:
    -dorsal
    ventral
    anterior
    posterior
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42
Q

tissues

A

body plans also vary according to the organization of the animal’s tissues

  • Tissues are collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers
  • During development, three germ layers give
    rise to tissues and organs of animal embryos
    -ecto, endo, meso

Sponges and a few other groups lack true tissues

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43
Q

Ectoderm

A

the germ layer covering the
embryo’s surface

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44
Q

Endoderm

A

the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called archenteron

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45
Q

Diploblastic animals

A

have ectoderm and endoderm

– Includes cnidarians and a few other groups

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46
Q

Triploblastic animals

A

also have an intervening

mesoderm layer;
-these include all bilaterians
– Includes flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates, and others

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47
Q

Body Cavities

A

Most triploblastic animals possess a body cavity

  • A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from mesoderm
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48
Q

Body cavities of triploblastic animals

Coelomates

Psedocoelom

A

Coelomates are animals that possess a true coelom

-cavity is completely lined with mesoderm

A pseudocoelom is a body cavity derived from mesoderm and endoderm

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49
Q

Triploblastic animals possessing a pseudocoelom called

A

pseudocoelomates

-false coelom
-not completely lined with mesoderm (nemotods and nemefers)

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50
Q

Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called-

A

acoelomates

-absent cavity
-platyhemeth

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51
Q

homecoel

A

not the same as a coelom

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52
Q

Protostome and Deuterostome Development

A

animals either have a protostome development or deuterostome development

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53
Q

Cleavage

A

protosome or deuterostome

With indeterminate cleavage, each cell in the
early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to
develop into a complete embryo

  • Indeterminate cleavage makes possible identical twins, and embryonic stem cells
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54
Q

In protostome development

A

cleavage spiral and determinate

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55
Q

In deuterostome development

A

cleavage radial and indeterminate

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56
Q

Coelom Formation in protostome development

A

splitting of solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom

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57
Q

coelom formation in deuterostme development

A

mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom

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58
Q

Fate of the Blastopore in protostome development

A

the blastopore becomes the mouth

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59
Q

Fate of the Blastopore in deuterostome development

A

the blastopore becomes the anus

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60
Q

the Blastopore

A

forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula

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61
Q

There are 5 important
points about the relationships among living animals that are reflected in their phylogeny:

A

-All animals share a common ancestor

-Sponges are basal animals- metazoa

-Eumetazoa- not porifera, true tissues

-Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria, and are called bilaterians - triplo

-There are 3 major clades of bilaterian animals, all of which are invertebrates, except Chordata, which are classified as vertebrates
-lopho, deutero, ecdyso

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62
Q

Invertebrates

A

animals lacking a backbone

95% of known animal species

  • They occupy almost every habitat on Earth
  • They are morphologically diverse
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63
Q

sponges are-

A

basal animals that are in metazoa

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64
Q

Sponges are basal animals that lack-

A

-true tissues

  • phylum Porifera are sponges
  • They are sedentary and live in marine waters or fresh water
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65
Q

Sponges

A

are suspension feeders

  • Water is drawn through pores into a cavity called the spongocoel and out through an opening called the osculum
  • Sponges lack true tissues and organs

-sessil = dont move much

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66
Q

suspension feeders

A

capturing food particles suspended in water passing through their body

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67
Q

Anatomy of a sponge

A

Generate current

Ingest suspended food

has a shell full of gell (mesohyl) and one hole (simple sponge)

spongin or spicules

choancytes - coller cells that help move around and maintain structure
-food bits trapped and goes into ameobocytes

can regenerate

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68
Q

Cnidarians

A

Phylum Cnidaria is one of oldest groups in eumetazoa

both sessile and motile forms including jellies, corals, and hydras

diploblastic, radial body plan

  • The basic body plan is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity

A single opening to the gastrovascular cavity functions as mouth and anus

2 major clades

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69
Q

what belongs to clade Eumetazoa?

A

All animals except sponges

  • animals with true tissues
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70
Q

What is a gastrovascular cavity

A

1 hole, mouth and anus

not a complete digestive system

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71
Q

polyp cnidaria

A

mouth, tenticle up

-mainly asexual

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72
Q

medusa cnidaria

A

mouth tenticle down

only 2 tissue layers

sexual reproduction

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73
Q

What is mesoglea

A

serves as a skeleton to support the organism

acellular goo in cnidarias

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74
Q
  • Nematocysts
A

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that
eject a stinging
thread

(stingers)

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75
Q

Cnidaria two major clades

A

Medusozoa
-sea wasps, jellies

Anthozoa
-sea anemones, corals

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76
Q

Medusozoans

A

all cnidarians that produce a medusa:
– Scyphozoans (jellies)
– Cubozoans (box jellies)
– Hydrozoans

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77
Q

Hydrozoans

A

Most hydrozoans alternate between polyp and medusa
forms

  • Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian, exists only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by budding
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78
Q

Scyphozoans and cubozoans

A

The medusa is the predominant stage in the life cycle of most scyphozoans and cubozoans

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79
Q

Cubozoans

A

the medusa is box-shaped

often have highly toxic cnidocytes (in stinger)

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80
Q

Anthozoans

A

The clade Anthozoa includes the corals and sea
anemones, and these cnidarians occur only as polyps

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81
Q

Exchange with the Environment

A

A single-celled protist living in water has sufficient surface area to service its entire volume of cytoplasm

Multicellular organisms with a saclike body plan have body walls that are only two cells thick

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82
Q

intro to bilateria

A

Bilaterian animals have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development

  • Most have a coelom and a digestive tract with two openings
83
Q

Bilateria

A

The clade Bilateria contains Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia

84
Q

Intro to Lophotrochozoa

A

morphological

  • Some develop lophophore for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stage, and few have neither feature

all are invertebrates

85
Q

Traits of Playhelminthes

A

Habitats
– Marine,
– freshwater, and
– Damp terrestrial

  • Protostomes
  • Triploblastic development
  • Free-living and parasitic forms
86
Q

flatworms are-

A

acoelomates

a convergence due to pressures from environment

87
Q

Body plan of Platyhelminthes

A
  • Acoelomates
  • Flat
    – Thus, cells are close to the surrounding water.
  • Lack organs specialized for gas exchange and circulation
  • Nitrogenous wastes are removed by diffusion, and simple ciliated flame cells (protonephridia) help maintain osmotic balance.
88
Q

what are protonephridia

A

Network of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs

  • Flame bulbs cap the branches of each protonephridium
  • Urine excreted has low solute concentration – maintenance of osmotic
    uptake of water from environment
89
Q

Flatworms are divided into
two lineages

A

– Catenulida, or “chain
worms,” reproduce
asexually by budding

– Rhabditophora are more diverse and include both free-living and parasitic species

90
Q

Free-Living Species

A

The best-known rhabditophorans are planarians

  • Planarians live in
    fresh water and prey on smaller animals

a lot are hermaphroditic

91
Q

How do planarians compare to cnidarians

A

they both have one hole

92
Q

why can planarians do without respiratory and circulatory systems?

A

cuz they are flat

93
Q

Parasitic Species

A

Parasitic rhabditophorans live in or on other animals

  • Two important groups of parasitic rhabditophorans are
    trematodes and tapeworms
94
Q

Trematodes

A

Trematodes parasitize a wide
range of hosts

  • Most have complex
    life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages
95
Q

Tapeworms

A

-Tapeworms are parasites of vertebrates

  • They lack a digestive system
  • Tapeworms absorb nutrients from the host’s intestine
  • Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave
    host’s body in feces
96
Q

Phylum rotifera

A

Rotifers are tiny animals that inhabit aquatic environments

  • Smaller than many protists (remember Stentor?) but with
    specialized tissues/organs/organ systems
97
Q

Rotifers

A

alimentary canal,

a digestive tube with a
separate mouth and anus within a fluid-filled hemocoel

  • Many rotifers reproduce by parthenogenesis
  • Some species are unusual in that they lack males entirely
98
Q

parthenogenesis

A

females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

99
Q

Lophophorates include two phyla:

A

Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda

100
Q

Phylum Mollusca includes (but not limited to)

A

– snails
– slugs
– oysters
– clams
– octopuses
– squids

101
Q

Traits of molluscs

A

Most marine
– Some fresh water
– Some terrestrial

  • Molluscs are soft-bodied animals
    – Most protected by hard shell
  • Some of the most sophisticated invertebrates
102
Q

Mollusc body plan

A

All molluscs have a similar body plan with three
main parts:
– Muscular foot
– Visceral mass
– Mantle

  • Many molluscs have a water-filled mantle cavity
  • Many molluscs feed using a rasp-like radula
103
Q

Mollusc reproduction

A

Most molluscs have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass

– Exception: most snails are hermaphrodites

  • Most marine forms have broadcast spawning and
    planktonic trochophore larvae
104
Q

Clades (Classes) in Mollusca

A

We will cover four of them:

– Gastropods (slugs, snails)

– Chitons

– Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, & other bivalves)

– Cephalopods (squids, octopuses)

105
Q

Traits of gastropods

A

Most gastropods are marine,
– Many are freshwater and terrestrial species

  • Most have a single, spiraled shell
    – Slugs lack a shell or have a reduced shell
  • The most distinctive characteristic of gastropods is torsion
    – Anus and mantle end up above its head
106
Q

Feeding in gastropods

A

Typically ‘grazers’ via rasping radula

  • Rarely, modifications of radula to support carnivory
  • Digestion via complete gut
107
Q

Circulation in gastropods

A

Circulation:

via open system of vessels

108
Q

respiration in gastropods

A

Respiration:

– Marine: Via gills in mantle cavity

– Freshwater/terrestrial: mantle cavity forms ‘lung’

109
Q

Reproduction in gastropods

A

Marine: Dioecous with complex life-cycle (trochophore larvae)

  • Freshwater/terrestrial: Hermaphroditic with direct development
110
Q

Phylum Mollusca, the Chitons

A
  • Chitons are oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates
  • The use their foot like a suction cup to grip rock, and their radula to scrape algae off rock surfaces
111
Q

Phylum Mollusca, the Bivalves

A

Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops”

112
Q

Traits of bivalves

A

Shell divided into two halves (valves)

Powerful adductor muscles close the shell for protection

  • Powerful foot for digging or anchoring
  • Highly modified gills for feeding, respiration, and reproduction
  • Some have eyes and sensory tentacles along edge of their mantle
113
Q

Feeding in bivalves

A

Most are sessile, suspension feeders

  • Ciliated gills create water currents
  • Gills trap fine food-particles in mucus coat
  • Water flows into mantle cavity via the incurrent siphon, passes over the gills, and exits via the excurrent siphon.
114
Q

Circulation and respiration in bivalves

A

Somewhat similar to gastropods:

– Open circulation
– Gill in mantle cavity

115
Q

Reproduction in bivalves

A

Marine - mostly dioecous with complex lifecycles and trochophore larvae

  • Freshwater - mostly hermaphroditic with direct development
    – However, some have glochidia (larvae)
116
Q

Phylum Mollusca, Cephalopods

A

“Squids, Octopuses, Cuttlefish, Nautiluses”

117
Q

Traits of cephalopods

A
  • Class Cephalopoda includes squids and octopuses, carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
  • Well-developed sense organs and complex brain

Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water, which allows
them to swim very quickly

  • One small group of shelled cephalopods, the nautiluses,
    survives today
118
Q

Cephalopod eye

A

Highly acute vision in many cases

  • In some respects appears to be a “better design” than the vertebrate eye
119
Q

Feeding in cephalopods

A

Most octopuses creep along the sea floor in search of prey

  • Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly
120
Q

Circulation in cephalopods

A

Unlike other molluscs, cephalopods have a closed circulatory system

121
Q

Reproduction in cephalopods

A
  • Diocecious
  • Direct development
  • Many are semelparous
  • Often sophisticated courtship rituals
  • Transfer of spermatophore
122
Q

Protecting Freshwater and
Terrestrial Molluscs

A

Molluscs are the animal group with the largest number of recent extinctions

  • Most threatened groups are
    – Freshwater bivalves, including pearl mussels
    – Terrestrial gastropods, including Pacific island land snails
  • These molluscs threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and non-native species
123
Q

Annelida means “little rings”

A

Annelids are segmented worms
– Body resembles a series of fused rings

  • Habitats
    – Marine
    – Aquatic
    – Terrestrial (damp soils)
124
Q

Traits of annelids

A

All annelids have segmented bodies
* Development
– Protostomous
– Bilateral
– Triploblastic
– Coelomate

  • Complete gut with mouth and anus
  • Sophisticated nervous, circulatory, reproductive and excretory systems
125
Q

Reproduction in annelids

A

Sexual reproduction via hermaphroditism

Sexual reproduction via dioecy
– Most undergo external fertilization (broadcast spawning)
– Ciliated larvae (trochophore) that is planktonic

126
Q

The phylum Annelida was traditionally divided into three classes:

A

– Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives)

– Polychaeta (polychaetes)

– Hirudinea (leeches)

127
Q

Recent molecular analyses indicate that the annelids can be divided into two major clades:

A
  • Errantia
  • Sedentaria
128
Q

Errantians

A

Most are mobile, marine organisms

  • Many have parapodia on each body segment
  • Each parapodium has numerous chaetae, bristles made of chitin
  • Parapodia are not unique to this clade

have jaws and eyespots

129
Q

what are parapodium

A

fleshy feet that helps with locomotion and respiration

130
Q
A
131
Q

Sedentarians

A

tend to be less mobile than errantians (not as moveable)

  • Some species burrow into the substrate, while others live in protective tubes
  • Tube-dwelling sedentarians
    often have elaborate gills or
    tentacles used for filter feeding
  • The clade also includes
    leeches and earthworms
132
Q

Earthworm movement

A

Muscles work against non-compressible coelomic fluid, which acts as hydostatic skeleton

chaetae provide traction

133
Q

Earthworm reproduction

A

Earthworms eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the alimentary canal

  • Earthworms are hermaphrodites but crossfertilize
  • Some reproduce asexually by fragmentation

Hermaphrodites that crossfertilize

mucus secreted by the ciltellum forms an egg case, which slips off worm

134
Q

metanepridium

A

filters out fluid out body, pees as they go

135
Q

Sedentarians - leeches

A
  • Most species of leeches live in fresh water; some are marine or terrestrial
  • Leeches include predators of invertebrates, and parasites that suck blood

Leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating

136
Q

leaches

A

Flattened body

Reduced coelom

Chaetae typically absent

Suckers at anterior and posterior

137
Q

Traits of ecdysozoans

A

defined by molecular evidence

  • Covered by a tough coat called a cuticle
  • The cuticle is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis

nematodes and arthropods

138
Q

Species diversity in the Ecdysozoans

A

The Ecdysozoa is a dominant animal group
– Niche proliferation
– Abundance
– Species richness

  • This unparalleled success is predominantly due to arthropods
    – And, to a lesser extent, nematodes
139
Q

Nematoda

A

Roundworms”

140
Q

Traits of nematodes

A

Do not have segmented bodies OR circular muscles
– Contrast with annelids

Nematodes have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system

141
Q

Reproduction in nematodes

A

usually sexual, by internal fertilization

  • Most species have separate males and females
  • Females may deposit >100,000 fertilized eggs per day

– These zygotes are often resistant to severe environmental conditions

142
Q

Ecdysis

A

Body covered in tough cuticle

  • To facilitate growth, nematodes periodically shed their old cuticle and secrete a larger one
143
Q

cuticle

A

is an exoskeleton constructed from layers of protein and chitin

144
Q

Habitats of nematodes

A

Habitats

– Aquatic
– Soil
(free-living)

– Moist tissues of plants
– Body fluids and tissues of animals (parasites)

  • Includes some of the most common and devastating
    parasites of humans
145
Q

roles of nematodes

A

Important in decomposition and nutrient cycling

  • Little is known about most species
  • Most animals and plants have nematode parasites
146
Q

Why are nematodes so good at parasitism?

A

“Molecular warfare”
– Redirect their hosts’ cellular functions
– Evade detection by immune systems

147
Q

Arthropod origins

A

Two Hox genes (linked to segmentation) likely went through extensive re arrangement and sophistication

-(all but sponges)

148
Q

Traits of arthropods – the “winning plan”

A

Developmental:
– Protostomous, bilateral, coelomate

  • Additional:
    – Body segmentation, a hard exoskeleton, jointed and paired appendages, sensory organs

hemocoal= open circulatory system

149
Q

Segmentation

A

permits specialization of
functions, thus efficient division of labour among regions

150
Q
  • Well-developed, anterior, sense organs (cephalization)
A

– Eyes
– Olfactory receptors
– Antennae

151
Q

Other traits for anthropods

A

Open circulatory system

  • True coelom much reduced
  • Gas exchange
    – gills
  • feathery extensions
    – Terrestrial arthropods
  • internal surfaces specialized for gas exchange.
152
Q

three major lineages that diverged early in phylum’s evolution

A

Chelicerates

–Myriapods

–Pancrustaceans

153
Q

The Chelicerates

A

clade Chelicerata

named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae

  • They have an anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen
  • Extant groups:
    – Horseshoe crabs
    – Spiders
    – Scorpions
    – Ticks
    – Mites
154
Q

The earliest cheliceriforms were-

A

-eurypterids
(water scorpions - extinct)

155
Q

Most modern cheliceriforms are-

A

-arachnids,

which include:
spiders, scorpions, ticks,
and mites

156
Q

Traits of arachnids

A

Arachnids have an abdomen and a cephalothorax, which has six pairs of appendages, the most anterior of which are the chelicerae

  • Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called book lungs
  • Many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal glands
157
Q

What are gonopores in antropods

A

the exit for eggs

158
Q

Myriapods

A
  • Millipedes and centipedes

– Terrestrial
– Pair of antennae
– Jaw-like mandibles

159
Q

Millipedes

A

Don’t really have 1000 legs

  • Each legged-segment has two pairs of legs

Eat decaying plant matter

160
Q

Centipedes

A
  • Don’t really have 100 legs
  • Each legged-segment has one pair of legs

Carnivores

161
Q

Pancrustaceans

A

terrestrial insects are more closely related to crustaceans than myriapods

  • Some crustaceans are more
    closely related to insects than other crustaceans (crustaceans are paraphyletic!)
  • Together, insects and crustaceans form the clade Pancrustaceans
162
Q

Whats in phylum pancrustaceans?

A

all anthropods thats not chelicerates or myriapods

163
Q

Pancrustaceans - Crustaceans

A

Crustaceans live in marine and freshwater

  • Many crustaceans have highly specialized appendages for feeding and locomotion
  • Small crustaceans exchange gases through the cuticle; larger crustaceans have gills

Open circulatory system

  • Most crustaceans go through 1+ swimming larval stages
  • Most crustaceans have separate males and females
164
Q

Isopods

A

include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species

–Pill bugs are a well known group of terrestrial isopods

165
Q

Decapods

A

all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp

166
Q

Planktonic crustaceans include many species of-

A

branchiopods

  • Branchiopoda is a class of crustaceans.
    -fairy shrimp, clam shrimp

mostly small, freshwater animals that feed on plankton and detritus

167
Q

Maxillopods

A
  • Barnacles

mostly sessile crustaceans

  • They have a cuticle that is hardened into a shell of CaCO3
168
Q

Pancrustaceans - Hexapods

A

Aerial, terrestrial, aquatic (but few marine)

  • The internal anatomy of an insect includes several complex organ systems
169
Q

hexapod Reproduction

A

Typically sexual,

separate males & females

170
Q

hexapod importance

A

Some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while others are harmful as carriers of diseases, or pests of crops

171
Q

Traits of the Deuterostomia

A
  • Deuterostome development
  • Bilaterians, although not all are bilaterally symmetrical as adults
  • Defined mainly by DNA
    – Not by morphology
172
Q

Main clades of the Deuterostomia

A

Echinodermata

Chordata

173
Q

Intro to phylum Echinodermata

A

Echinoderms = “spiny-skinned animals”

  • Sand dollars, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.
  • Approximately 7,000 species
  • Marine
  • Benthic
  • Sessile or slow-moving
174
Q

Echinoderm body plan

A

A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates

  • Unique water vascular system
175
Q

water vascular system

A

– Network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

176
Q

Symmetry in echinoderms

A

Adults of most echinoderms are radially symmetrical

– Often with five arms

– Not perfect radial symmetry

177
Q

Reproduction in echinoderms

A

Typically separate males and females

  • Broadcast spawning
    – Release gametes into water column
178
Q

Living echinoderms are divided into five clades

A

Asteroidea
(sea stars and sea daisies)

– Ophiuroidea
(brittle stars)

– Echinoidea
(sea urchins and sand dollars)

– Crinoidea
(sea lilies and feather stars)

– Holothuroidea
(sea cucumbers)

179
Q

Self-defence in sea cucumbers

A

When threatened, some sea cucumbers expel sticky threats or even their intestines out of their anus

  • Fortunately, they regenerate
180
Q

Traits of the chordates

A
  • Bilaterians
  • Deuterostomes
  • Various clades
    – Cephalochordata
    – Urochordata
    – Vertebrata
    (invertabrates)

All chordates share a set of derived characters

  • Some species have some of these traits only during embryonic development
181
Q

Four key characters of chordates:

A

– Notochord
– Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
– Pharyngeal slits or clefts
– Muscular, post-anal tail

182
Q

Notochord

A

Longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord

  • Skeletal support
  • Muscular support
  • In most vertebrates, only remnants remain at adulthood
183
Q

Dorsal, hollow nerve chord

A
  • Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord
  • Develops into central nervous system
    – Brain
    – Spinal cord
184
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Functions of pharyngeal slits:
– Suspension-feeding structures in invert chordates

– Gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)

– Develop into parts of ear, head & neck in tetrapods

185
Q

Pharyngeal clefts

A

develop into slits that open to
the outside of the body

186
Q

Muscular, post-anal tail

A

Chordates have a tail posterior to the anus

  • In many species, the tail is greatly reduced during embryonic development
  • Contains skeletal elements and muscles
  • Provides propelling force in many aquatic species
187
Q

Cephalochordata

A

“Lancelets”

  • Named for blade-like shape
  • Marine suspension feeders
  • Retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
188
Q

Urochordata

A

“Tunicates”

  • More closely related to other chordates than are
    lancelets
  • They are marine suspension feeders
    – Most sessile; some planktonic
    – Some solitary; others colonial
    – Hermaphroditic, broadcast spawning
  • As an adult, a tunicate draws in water through an
    incurrent siphon, filtering food particles
189
Q

what has the fewest Hox genes than other vertebrates

A

Tunicates with 9

others have 13

190
Q

Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone

A

A skeletal system and complex nervous system have allowed vertebrates to become more efficient at two essential tasks:

– Capturing food
– Evading predators

191
Q

Derived Characters of Vertebrates

A

Vertebrates have two or more sets of Hox genes;
-lancelets and tunicates have only one cluster

  • Vertebrates have the following derived characters:
    – Vertebrae enclosing a spinal chord
    – An elaborate skull
    – Fin rays, in the aquatic forms
192
Q

What is in Group metazoa?

A

All animals

193
Q

What is in group eumetazoa?

A

All except porifera

194
Q

what is in group bilateria

A

acoela

all deuterstomia

all lophotrochozoa

all ecdysozoa

195
Q

What is in group deuterstomia?

A

Hemichordata

echinodermata

chordata

196
Q

What is in group lophotrochozoa

A

Platyhelminthes

rotifera

ectoprocta

brachiopoda

mollusca

annelida

197
Q

What is in group ecdysozoa

A

nematoda

arthopoda

198
Q

What does cleavage form?

A

the blastula
-a hollow ball

199
Q

after the balstula stage -

A

gastrulation happens

-the layers of embryonic tissues that develop into adult body parts are produced

the developmental stage is called a gastrula

200
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

a developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but not yet sexually mature

201
Q

Homeoboxes

A

-most animals share a unique homeobox-containing family genes, known as hox genes

hox genes play an imaportant role in the development of animal embryos controlling the expression of dozens or even hundreds of other genes that infulence animal morphology

-sponges lack hox genes

hox genes regulate the formation of anterior-posterior axis, as well as other aspects of developoment

202
Q

cephalization

A

bilaterally symmetrical body plan animals have sensory eqipment cooncentrated at their anterior end, including the central nervous system in the head (the brain)

203
Q

many radial symmetric animals are

A

sessile (attached to a substrate)

planktonic (drifting or weakly swimming like jellies)

204
Q

Bilateral symmetic animals are typically more-

A

active and move from place to place

Bio exams (7 decks)

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