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Exam 2 plants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles

A
  • Alternation of meiosis and fertilization is common to all sexually reproducing organisms
  • Three main types of sexual life cycles differ in timing of meiosis and fertilization
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2
Q

A horse has 16 chromosomes in its gametes, how many does it have in its liver cell?

A

2n = 64

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3
Q

Animals (and Some Algae) Sexual Life Cycle -diagram 13.6a

A

n gametes via meiosis -fig

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4
Q

Plants (and Some Algae) Sexual Life Cycle

A

n gametes via mitosis

n spores via meiosis

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5
Q

Fungi (and Some Algae) Sexual Life Cycle 13.6c

A

n spores via meiosis

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6
Q

The Greening of Earth

A

Plants started getting taller to compete for light, 385 millions
ago

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7
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Supergroup includes red algae, green algae, land plants

  • Descended from an ancient protist that engulfed a
    cyanobacterium (i.e., endosymbiosis)
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8
Q

Land plants evolved from green algae

A

Green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives
of land plants

  • Many characteristics of land plants also appear in a variety of protist clades, mainly algae
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9
Q

land plants share three key traits with only charophytes

A

– Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins

 – Structure of flagellated sperm
	 
 – Formation of a phragmoplast
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10
Q

Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land

A

In charophytes a layer of a durable polymer called sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

  • Sporopollenin is also found in plant spore walls
  • Movement onto land by charophyte ancestors
    provided unfiltered sun, more plentiful CO2, nutrient-rich soil, and few herbivores or pathogens
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11
Q

Derived Traits of Plants

A

Alternation of generations
– Multicellular, dependent embryos
– Walled spores produced in sporangia
– Multicellular gametangia
– Apical meristems

Note 1: some of these traits are lost in some lineages
* Note 2: some non-plant lineages also have some of
these traits (convergence)

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12
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Plants alternate between two multicellular stages, a reproductive cycle called alternation of generations

  • The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
  • Fusion of gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid spores
    by meiosis
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13
Q

Exploring Derived Traits of Land Plants: Alteration of generations- figure 29.4-1

A

boom

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14
Q

Multicellular, Dependent Embryos

A

The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte

  • Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells
  • Land plants are called embryophytes because
    of embryo dependency on parent
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15
Q

Walled Spores Produced in -

A

sporangia

-the sporophyte produces spores in organs called sporangia

Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

  • Spore walls contain sporopollenin, which makes them resistant to harsh environments
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16
Q

Multicellular Gametangia

A
  • Gametes are produced within organs called gametangia
  • Female gametangia, called archegonia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
  • Male gametangia, called antheridia, produce and release sperm
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17
Q

Apical Meristems

A
  • Plants sustain continual growth in their apical meristems
  • Cells from the apical meristems differentiate into
    various tissues
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18
Q

Additional derived traits include:

A

The cuticle, a waxy covering of the epidermis

– Mycorrhizae, symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants
* may have helped plants without true roots to obtain
nutrients

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19
Q

What is in the phylum land plants?

A

all

-liverworts

-mosses

-hornworts

-lycophytes

-monilophytes

-gymnosperms

-angiosperms

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20
Q

what is in vascular plants?

A

the seedless vascular plants and seed plants

-lycophytes

-monilophytes

-gymnosperms

-angiosperms

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21
Q

What is in nonvascular plants

A

Liverworts

-mosses

-hornworts

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22
Q

What is in seedless vascular plants

A

Lycophytes

monilophytes

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23
Q

What is in group seed plants

A

gymnosperms

angiosperms

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24
Q

What phylum is in the nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

A

Phylum:

-hepatophyta

-bryophyta

-anthocerophyta

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25
Q

What is the common name for phylum hepatophyta

A

liverworts

9000 species

26
Q

What is the common name for phylum bryophyta

A

mosses

15,000 species

27
Q

What is the common name for phylum anthocerophyta

A

hornworts

100 species

28
Q

What phylums are in seedless vascular plants?

A

phylum:

lycophyta

monilophyta

29
Q

What is the common name for phylum lycophyta

A

lycophytes

1200 speices

30
Q

What is the common name for phylum monilophyta

A

monilophytes

12000 spieces

31
Q

What phylums are in gymnosperms

A

Phylum:

Ginkgophyta

Cycadophyta

Gnetophyta

Coniferophyta

32
Q

What is the common name for phylum Ginkgophyta

A

Ginkgo

1 spieces

33
Q

What is the common name for phylum Cycadophyta

A

cycads

130 speices

34
Q

What is the common name for phylum Gnetophyta

A

gnetophytes

75 speices

35
Q

What is the common name for phylum Coniferophyta

A

conifers

600 speices

36
Q

What phylum is in angiosperms

A

phylum anthophyta

37
Q

What is the common name for phylum anthophyta

A

flowering plants

250000 speices

38
Q

Traits on Nonvascular Plants

A

-Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dom by
gametophytes

  • Bryophytes are represented today by three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants
    – Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta
    – Mosses, phylum Bryophyta
    – Hornworts, phylum Anthocerophyta

-These groups are thought to represent the earliest lineages to diverge from the common ancestor of land plants

39
Q

Dominant Gametophytes

A

In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes

  • Sporophytes are typically present only part of the time
40
Q

Phylum bruophyta moss life cycle 29.7

A

boop

41
Q

Bryophyte Gametophytes

A

A spore germinates into a gametophyte composed of protonema (protonemata) and gamete-producing gametophore

  • Gametophyte height is constrained by lack of vascular tissues

Mature gametophytes produce flagellated sperm in antheridia and an egg in each archegonium

  • Sperm swim through film of water to reach and fertilize egg
42
Q

Bryophyte Sporophytes

A
  • Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of archegonia, and are smallest and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups

A sporophyte consists of a foot, seta (stalk), and sporangium, also called a capsule, which discharges spores through a
peristome

  • Hornwort and moss sporophytes have stomata for gas exchange; liverworts do not
43
Q

The Ecological and Economic
Importance of Mosses

A

Mosses are capable of inhabiting diverse and
sometimes extreme environments

  • They are especially common in moist forests and wetlands
  • Some mosses might help retain nitrogen in the soil
44
Q

Sphagnum

A

Sphagnum, or “peat moss,” forms extensive deposits
of partially decayed organic material known as peat

  • Peat can be used as a source of fuel
  • Sphagnum is an important global reservoir of organic carbon
  • Overharvesting of Sphagnum and/or a drop in water level in peatlands could release stored CO2 to the atmosphere
45
Q

Origin of vascular plants

A

Bryophytes were prevalent for first 100 million years of plant evolution

  • Vascular plants originated in the Silurian and underwent great diversification during the
    Devonian and Carboniferous periods
  • Vascular plants now dominate non-vascular plants
46
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

The first vascular plants were seedless

  • Recall that a seed consists of an embryo and its food supply surrounded by protective coat
47
Q

Main groups of seedless vascular plants

A
  • Lycophytes ( Phylum Lycophyta)
    – Spike mosses
    – Quillworts
    – Club mosses
  • Monilophytes (Phylum Monilophyta)
    – Ferns
    – Horsetails
    – Whisk ferns and relatives
48
Q

Life cycles of seedless vascular
plants

A

In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger
generation, as in familiar ferns

  • The gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface

fig 29.13

49
Q

Leaves

A

Organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants
– Capture solar energy that is used for photosynthesis

  • Leaves are categorized by two types
    - Microphylls, leaves with a single vein
    - Megaphylls, leaves with a highly branched vascular system
50
Q

Hypothesis for microphyll evolution fig.

A

yo

51
Q

Hypothesis for megaphyll evolution fig

A

yup

52
Q

Sporophylls

A

are modified leaves with
sporangia

53
Q

Sori

A

clusters of sporangia on the
undersides of sporophylls

54
Q

Strobili

A

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

55
Q

Sporophylls

A
  • Sporophylls

Sori

strobili

56
Q

Homospory, heterospory

A

Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are heterosporous

  • Heterosporous species produce megaspores, which give rise to female gametophytes, and microspores, which give rise to male gametophytes
57
Q

Two clades of seedless vascular plants

A

Phylum Lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

– Phylum Monilophyta includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives

58
Q

Phylum Lycophyta

A

Surviving species are small herbaceous plants

  • Club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts have vascular tissues and are not true mosses
  • Many lycophytes are epiphytes
  • microphylls
59
Q

Spike mosses: selaginella

A

-Small
-Horizontal growth
-Often have strobili
-Heterosporous

60
Q

Ferns

A

– Most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests

  • Horsetails were diverse during the Carboniferous
    period, but are now restricted to the genus Equisetum
  • Whisk ferns (Psilotum) resemble ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns
61
Q

Ferns:

A

Megaphylls (unlike lycophytes)

-Most are homosporous

-Most species have stalked
sporangia

Bio exams (7 decks)

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