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Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protists

A

Eukaryotes
* Mostly single-celled

– Protista used to be recognized as a kingdom

– Now a ‘group of convenience’ encompassing those eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi

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2
Q
  • Protists, the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes, include
A

– Photoautotrophs, contain chloroplasts

– Heterotrophs, which absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

– Mixotrophs, combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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3
Q

What are not considered protists?

A

Archaeplastida

unikonta

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4
Q

Reproductive diversity protists

A

Asexual and sexual forms

  • Some exhibit alternation of generations
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5
Q

Endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes

A
  • Mitochondria
    – Endosymbiosis of aerobic prokaryote
  • Plastids
    – Endosymbiosis of photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Cyanobacteria = first photosynthetic organism
* Acquired by eukaryotes via: Archaeplastida

  • Integration of photosynthetic
    metabolism!
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6
Q

Diagram 28.3 with heterotrophic eukaryote

A

Heterotropic eukaryoric sees cyabobacterium and engulfs it, now cyanobacterium has its own membrane.

-Hetero genetic makeup was transferred to cyan, maybe some of it was transferred in hetero

-cyan give hetero photosynthesis.Hetero gives cyan membrane

  • mutual relationship

more then one event

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7
Q

Homology

A

They inherited their genes from a common ancestor

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8
Q

How does an Endosymbiont Become an Organelle?

A

It would have been advantageous to the host to maintain the cyanobacterial endosymbiont, as a source of sugar from photosynthesis

  • Gene transfer from endosymbiont to the host
    nucleus made it dependent on the host:
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9
Q

Five supergroups of eukaryotes

A

This is a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among the eukaryotes

  • It is subject to change as more data become available
  • We won’t be covering the diversity in detail
    – Broad patterns
    – Some highlights
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10
Q

What is in excavata

A

-Diplomonads

-Parabasalids

-Euglenozoans

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11
Q

What supergroup is diplomonads from?

A

Excavata

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12
Q

What supergroup is parabasalids from?

A

Excavata

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13
Q

What supergroup is euglenzoans from?

A

Excavata

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14
Q

What is in the SAR clade?

A

-Diatoms

-Brown algae

-oomycetes

-dinoflagellates

-apicomplexans

-ciliates

-forams

-cercozoans

-radiolarians

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15
Q

What is in stramenopiles?

A

Diatoms

brown algae

oomycetes

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16
Q

What is in the alveolates?

A

-dinoflagellates

-Apicomplexans

-Ciliates

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17
Q

What is in Rhizarians

A

-Forams

-cercozoans

-radiolarians

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18
Q

What super group is Diatoms from?

A

Sar Clade - stramenopiles

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19
Q

What super group is Brown algae from?

A

SAR clade - stramenopiles

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20
Q

What super group is oomycetes from?

A

SAR clade- stramenopiles

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21
Q

What super group is Dinoflagellates from?

A

SAR clade- alveolates

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22
Q

What super group is Apicomplexans from?

A

SAR clade- Alveolates

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23
Q

What super group is Ciliates from?

A

SAR clade- alveolates

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24
Q

What super group is forams from?

A

SAR clade- Rhizarians

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25
Q

What super group is cercozoans from?

A

SAR clade- rhizarians

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26
Q

What super group is Radiolarians from?

A

SAR clade- rhizarians

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27
Q

What are in the supergroup unresolved

A

-haptophytes

-Cryptophytes

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28
Q

What super group is haptophytes from?

A

Unresolved

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29
Q

What super group is cryptophytes from?

A

unresolved

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30
Q

What is in supergroup archaeplastida

A

Red algae

-chlorophytes

-charophytes

-land plants

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31
Q

What is in gree algae in super group archaeplastida

A

Chlorophytes and charophytes

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32
Q

What super group is red algae from?

A

Archaplastida

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33
Q

What super group is Chlorophytes and charophytes from?

A

Archaeplastida- green algae

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34
Q

What super group is land plants from?

A

archaeplastida

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35
Q

What is in supergroup unikonta

A

-slime moulds

-tubulinids

-entamoebas

-nucleariids

-fungi

-choanoflagellates

-animals

36
Q

What is in phylum amoebozoans

A

-slime moulds

-tubulinids

-entamoebas

-nucleariids

37
Q

What is in phylum opisthokonts

A

fungi

choanoflagellates

animals

38
Q

What super group is slime moulds from?

A

unikonta- ameobozoans

39
Q

What super group is tubulinids from?

A

unikonta- ameobozoans

40
Q

What super group is Entamoebas from?

A

unikonta- amoebozoans

41
Q

What super group is nucleariids from?

A

unikonta- amoebozoans

42
Q

What super group is fungi from?

A

unikonta- opisthokonts

43
Q

What super group is choanflagellates from?

A

unikonta- opisthokonts

44
Q

What super group is animals from?

A

unikonta- opisthokonts

45
Q

The clade Excavata is characterized by its-

A

(-monophyletic!)

-cytoskeleton

  • Some members have an “excavated” feeding groove
  • This group includes diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans
46
Q

Diplomonads

A

Live in anaerobic environments

– Derive energy anaerobically
* E.g., glycolysis

  • Have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella
  • Many are parasitic (e.g., Giardia intestinalis)
  • Lack plastids
  • Have modified mitochondria (mitosomes)
47
Q

Why does it make sense that diplomonads have mitosomes instead of mitochondria?

A

they live in an anaerobic environment, so no oxygen to act as final electron acceptor

48
Q

what are the 4 eukaryote supergroups?

A
  1. excavata
  2. SAR clade
  3. archaeplastida
  4. unikonta
49
Q

Parabasalids

A

Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that
generate some energy anaerobically

– Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast infections in human females

50
Q

Euglenozoans

A

The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or
crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella

  • Clade includes kinetoplastids and euglenids
51
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

have a single mitochondrion
with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

  • They include free-living species that are consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems

Some species are parasitic:
– This group includes Trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in humans

– Another pathogenic trypanosome causes Chagas’ disease

52
Q

Euglenids

A

have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of cell

  • Some species can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic
    (mixotrophs)
53
Q

The SAR Clade is a Highly Diverse Group of Protists
Defined by DNA Similarities

A

The “SAR” clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup named for the first letters of its
three major clades: stramenopiles, alveolates,
and rhizarians

54
Q

The stramenopiles

A

includes some of the
most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth

  • Stramenopiles include diatoms, golden algae,
    and brown algae
55
Q

Stramenopiles

A
  • Most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum
  • some are multicellular stramenopiles
56
Q

Diatoms

A

are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glasslike wall of silicon dioxide

CO2 ’pumps’

57
Q

Golden algae

A

are named for their colour,
which results from yellow and brown carotenoids

  • The cells of golden algae are typically biflagellated, with both flagella near one end
  • All golden algae are photosynthetic, and some
    are mixotrophs

Most golden algae are unicellular, but some are colonial

58
Q

Brown algae

A

the largest and most complex
algae

  • All are multicellular, and most are marine
  • Brown algae include many species commonly called “seaweeds”
  • Brown algae have most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae

Giant seaweeds called kelps
live in deep parts of the
ocean

  • They have plantlike
    structures: the rootlike
    holdfast anchors the algae,
    and a stemlike stipe supports
    leaflike blades

– The similarities between
algae and plants are
examples of analogous
structures

59
Q

The Life Cycle of the Brown Alga Laminaria: an Example of Alternation of Generations

A

diagram 28.12

60
Q

Alveolates

A

Members of the Alveolata clade have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane
– The function of alveoli unknown

  • The alveolates include
    – Dinoflagellates
    – Apicomplexans
    – Ciliates
61
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates

They are abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton

  • They are a diverse group of
    aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs
  • Toxic “red tides” are caused by dinoflagellate blooms
62
Q

Apicomplexans

A

are parasites of animals, and
some cause serious human diseases

  • They spread as infectious cells called sporozoites
  • One end, the apex, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues
  • Most have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion
63
Q

Ciliates

A

a large varied group of protists, use cilia to move and feed

  • They have large macronuclei and small micronuclei
  • Genetic variation results from conjugation, in which two individuals exchange haploid
    micronuclei
  • Conjugation a sexual process, and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by binary fission
64
Q

Structure and Function in the Ciliate Paramecium Caudatum

A

diagram

65
Q

Rhizarians

A

Many species in the rhizarian clade are amoebas

  • Amoebas are protists that move and feed by pseudopodia, extensions of the cell surface
  • Rhizarian amoebas differ from amoebas in other
    clades by having threadlike pseudopodia
  • Rhizarians include radiolarians, forams, and
    cercozoans

Pseudopodia of radiolarians radiate from the central body

66
Q

Forams

A
  • Foraminiferans, or forams, are named for porous, generally multichambered shells, called tests
  • Pseudopodia extend through pores in the test
  • Many forams have endosymbiotic algae

Foram tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record

  • The magnesium content in fossilized forams can be used to estimate changes in ocean temperature over time
67
Q

You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9 + 2 filament pattern. It has welldeveloped organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group?

A

Ciliates

68
Q

Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants

A

Plastids arose after a heterotrophic protist acquired a cyanobacterial endosymbiont

-primary endosymbiosis?

  • The photosynthetic descendants of this ancient protist evolved into red algae and green algae
  • Land plants are descended from green algae
69
Q

Archaeplastida

A

the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants

70
Q

Red algae

A

reddish in colour due to accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll

  • The colour varies from greenish-red in shallow
    water to dark red or almost black in deep water
  • Red algae are usually multicellular; largest are
    seaweeds
71
Q
  • Green algae
A

named for their grass green chloroplasts

  • Plants are descended from green algae
  • Green algae are a:
  • The two main groups are chlorophytes and charophyceans
  • Charophytes are most closely related to land plants
72
Q

Chlorophyceans

A

Most chlorophytes live in fresh water, although many are marine

  • Other chlorophytes live in damp soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in environments exposed to intense visible and ultraviolet radiation
73
Q

Unikonts includes:

A

includes animals, fungi, and some protists

74
Q
  • Amoebozoans
A

are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than
threadlike, pseudopodia

  • They include slime molds, tubulinids, and entamoebas
75
Q

Slime molds

A

-mycetozoans,

-were once thought to be fungi

in the clade Amoebozoa

-include two lineages, plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds

Plasmodial slime molds
* Multi-nuleate (not multi-cellular) feeding stage called a plasmodium
* Has nothing to do with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium

  • Undergo cytoplasm streaming to distribute nutrients and
    oxygen
76
Q

Cellular slime molds

A
  • Feeding stage is solitary
  • When food is scarce, they aggregate and form a mass of cells (superficially resembles a plasmodium) and put up fruiting bodies on stalks

form multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes

  • Cells feed individually, but can aggregate to form a fruiting body
77
Q

Life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold

A

diagram

78
Q

life cycle of dictyostelium, a cellular slime mold

A

DIagram

79
Q

Tubulinids

A

a diverse group of amoebozoans with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia

  • They are common unicellular protists in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments
  • Most tubulinids are heterotrophic and actively
    seek and consume bacteria and other protists
80
Q

Entamoebas

A

are parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

  • Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery, thirdleading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites
81
Q
  • Opisthokonts
A

include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists

82
Q

Ecological roles of protists

A

Protists are extremely important in ecosystems
* Examples
* Producers
* Symbionts
* Mutualists
* Parasites

83
Q

Producers

A

Up to ¼ of the world’s photosynthesis is performed by diatoms, dinoflagellates, other algae, and other protists

  • In this respect, they are vital for aquatic and marine food
    webs
84
Q

Mutualistic termites

A

Termites have a protist symbiont that enables them to
digest wood

-* Photosynthetic symbiotic dinoflagellates in
coral reefs

85
Q

Parasitic

A

Plasmodium -> malaria

  • Pfiesteria -> huge fish die-off
  • Giardia -> ‘beaver fever’
  • Phytophthora -> sudden oak death
  • Karenia -> red tides and paralytic shellfish syndome
86
Q

Impact: Marine Protists in a Warmer World
READ!

A

If sea surface temperature continues to warm due to global warming, this could have
large effects on
* Marine ecosystems
* Fishery yields
* The global carbon
cycle

Bio exams (7 decks)

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