Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

What super group is cercozoans from?

Answer 1

SAR clade- rhizarians

Answer 2

SAR clade- rhizarians

Answer 3

-haptophytes -Cryptophytes

Answer 4

Unresolved

Answer 5

unresolved

Answer 6

Red algae -chlorophytes -charophytes -land plants

Answer 7

Chlorophytes and charophytes

Answer 8

Archaplastida

Answer 9

Archaeplastida- green algae

Answer 10

archaeplastida

Answer 11

-slime moulds -tubulinids -entamoebas -nucleariids -fungi -choanoflagellates -animals

Answer 12

-slime moulds -tubulinids -entamoebas -nucleariids

Answer 13

fungi choanoflagellates animals

Answer 14

unikonta- ameobozoans

Answer 15

unikonta- ameobozoans

Answer 16

unikonta- amoebozoans

Answer 17

unikonta- amoebozoans

Answer 18

unikonta- opisthokonts

Answer 19

unikonta- opisthokonts

Answer 20

unikonta- opisthokonts

Answer 21

(-monophyletic!) -cytoskeleton * Some members have an “excavated” feeding groove * This group includes diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans

Answer 22

Live in anaerobic environments – Derive energy anaerobically * E.g., glycolysis * Have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella * Many are parasitic (e.g., Giardia intestinalis) * Lack plastids * Have modified mitochondria (mitosomes)

Answer 23

they live in an anaerobic environment, so no oxygen to act as final electron acceptor

Answer 24

1. excavata 2. SAR clade 3. archaeplastida 4. unikonta

Answer 25

Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically – Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast infections in human females

Answer 26

The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella * Clade includes kinetoplastids and euglenids

Answer 27

have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast * They include free-living species that are consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems Some species are parasitic: – This group includes Trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in humans – Another pathogenic trypanosome causes Chagas’ disease

Answer 28

have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of cell * Some species can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic (mixotrophs)

Answer 29

The “SAR” clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup named for the first letters of its three major clades: stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians

Answer 30

includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth * Stramenopiles include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

Answer 31

* Most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum - some are multicellular stramenopiles

Answer 32

are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glasslike wall of silicon dioxide CO2 ’pumps’

Answer 33

are named for their colour, which results from yellow and brown carotenoids * The cells of golden algae are typically biflagellated, with both flagella near one end * All golden algae are photosynthetic, and some are mixotrophs Most golden algae are unicellular, but some are colonial

Answer 34

the largest and most complex algae * All are multicellular, and most are marine * Brown algae include many species commonly called “seaweeds” * Brown algae have most complex multicellular anatomy of all algae Giant seaweeds called kelps live in deep parts of the ocean * They have plantlike structures: the rootlike holdfast anchors the algae, and a stemlike stipe supports leaflike blades – The similarities between algae and plants are examples of analogous structures

Answer 35

diagram 28.12

Answer 36

Members of the Alveolata clade have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane – The function of alveoli unknown * The alveolates include – Dinoflagellates – Apicomplexans – Ciliates

Answer 37

have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates They are abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton * They are a diverse group of aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs * Toxic “red tides” are caused by dinoflagellate blooms

Answer 38

are parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases * They spread as infectious cells called sporozoites * One end, the apex, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues * Most have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion

Answer 39

a large varied group of protists, use cilia to move and feed * They have large macronuclei and small micronuclei * Genetic variation results from conjugation, in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei * Conjugation a sexual process, and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by binary fission

Answer 40

Many species in the rhizarian clade are amoebas * Amoebas are protists that move and feed by pseudopodia, extensions of the cell surface * Rhizarian amoebas differ from amoebas in other clades by having threadlike pseudopodia * Rhizarians include radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans Pseudopodia of radiolarians radiate from the central body

Answer 41

* Foraminiferans, or forams, are named for porous, generally multichambered shells, called tests * Pseudopodia extend through pores in the test * Many forams have endosymbiotic algae Foram tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record * The magnesium content in fossilized forams can be used to estimate changes in ocean temperature over time

Answer 42

Plastids arose after a heterotrophic protist acquired a cyanobacterial endosymbiont -primary endosymbiosis? * The photosynthetic descendants of this ancient protist evolved into red algae and green algae * Land plants are descended from green algae

Answer 43

the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants

Answer 44

reddish in colour due to accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll * The colour varies from greenish-red in shallow water to dark red or almost black in deep water * Red algae are usually multicellular; largest are seaweeds

Answer 45

named for their grass green chloroplasts * Plants are descended from green algae * Green algae are a: * The two main groups are chlorophytes and charophyceans * Charophytes are most closely related to land plants

Answer 46

Most chlorophytes live in fresh water, although many are marine * Other chlorophytes live in damp soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in environments exposed to intense visible and ultraviolet radiation

Answer 47

includes animals, fungi, and some protists

Answer 48

are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia * They include slime molds, tubulinids, and entamoebas

Answer 49

-mycetozoans, -were once thought to be fungi in the clade Amoebozoa -include two lineages, plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds Plasmodial slime molds * Multi-nuleate (not multi-cellular) feeding stage called a plasmodium * Has nothing to do with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium * Undergo cytoplasm streaming to distribute nutrients and oxygen

Answer 50

* Feeding stage is solitary * When food is scarce, they aggregate and form a mass of cells (superficially resembles a plasmodium) and put up fruiting bodies on stalks form multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes * Cells feed individually, but can aggregate to form a fruiting body

Answer 51

a diverse group of amoebozoans with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia * They are common unicellular protists in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments * Most tubulinids are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists

Answer 52

are parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates * Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery, thirdleading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites

Answer 53

include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists

Answer 54

Protists are extremely important in ecosystems * Examples * Producers * Symbionts * Mutualists * Parasites

Answer 55

Up to ¼ of the world’s photosynthesis is performed by diatoms, dinoflagellates, other algae, and other protists * In this respect, they are vital for aquatic and marine food webs

Answer 56

Termites have a protist symbiont that enables them to digest wood -* Photosynthetic symbiotic dinoflagellates in coral reefs

Answer 57

Plasmodium -> malaria * Pfiesteria -> huge fish die-off * Giardia -> ‘beaver fever’ * Phytophthora -> sudden oak death * Karenia -> red tides and paralytic shellfish syndome

Answer 58

If sea surface temperature continues to warm due to global warming, this could have large effects on * Marine ecosystems * Fishery yields * The global carbon cycle