Final Flashcards
Persuasive Speech
shapes/changes the way an audience feels, thinks, or acts
Successful argument
LOGICAL exchange of opposing ideas, uses evidence, reasoning, open mindedness, and critical thinking
Mental Dialogue
mental give and take between speaker and listener. listener considers credibility, evidence, reasoning, etc.
Target audience
portion of audience that speaker most wants to persuade
three categories of persuasive speeches
question of fact, question of value, question of policy
question of fact
deals with truth or falsity of an assertion (ex- court case)
question of value
deals with morality of an idea or action
question of policy
advocates for or against a certain course of action
passive agreement
convinces audience but avoids encouraging action
immidiate action
convinces audience and encourages action
ethos/pathos/logos
build credibility, use strong evidence, sound reasoning, and appeal to emotions
ethos
CREDIBILITY- the listeners perception of the speaker’s competence and character
three types of credibility
initial- before speech
derived- during speech
terminal- end of speech
how to enhance credibility
explain competence, establish common ground, speak expressively and with conviction
logos
logical appeals- evidence/reasoning
rules for evidence
use specific evidence, use novel evidence, uses credible evidence, connects to point
logical fallacies
(false logic) drawing conclusions based on insufficient evidence and/or faulty reasoning- avoid!
hasty generalization
jumping to conclusions based on insufficient evidence
false cause
assuming that if one event follows another in time, the first event caused the second
invalid analogy
two cases being compared that are not essentially alike
bandwagaon
because something is popular, it is good/correct
red harring
irrelevant information diverting the attention from the actual subject
ad hominem
attacking the person rather than dealing w/ real issue
either-or
narrowing complex situation to two choices
slippery slope
assuming first step will lead to later steps and negative outcomes that can be prevented
appeal to tradition
assuming something old is automatically better than something new
appeal to novelty
assuming something new is automatically better than something old
pathos
emotional appeals- intended to evoke anger, sadness, pride, happiness, etc.
how to appeal to emotion
use emotional language, imagery, use personal (but usually not your own) examples, show human connection, speak with sincerity, don’t substitute emotion for evidence/reasoning
ethics
deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
ethical speaking
make ethically sound goals, be fully prepared, be honest, and avoid abusive/degrading language
what not to do when ethically speaking
don’t lie- dishonesty leads to misinformation
don’t use demeaning language- leads to suppression of ideas
goals of ethically speaking
truth and free expression of ideas
ethical listeners
listeners also have an ethical obligation
hearing
vibration of sound waves on eardrums- requires no effort
listening
paying close attention and working to make sense of what we hear- does require effort- listen with all senses and mind
five types of listening
appreciative, relational, action-oriented, comprehensive, critical
appreiciatve
listening for pleasure/enjoyment, relax-oriented, closest to “hearing” (ex- music)
relational
listening to provide emotional support, people-oriented, creates/maintains positive relations (females tend to accel)
action-oriented
listening to get a job done, tasks oriented, often impatient (males tend to accel)
comprehensive
listening to understand, content, oriented, evaluates an issue to learn more (often overlaps with other types)
critical
listening to evaluate (accept or reject a message), analysis-oriented (often overlaps with other types)
critical listening
listening for main points, evidence or reasoning, technique (use of ethos, pathos, and logos)
