Final Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of structure
2
Q
Physiology
A
Study of function
3
Q
Microscopic anatomy
A
Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. Needs a microscope.
4
Q
Macroscopic Anatomy
A
AKA Gross Anatomy
Investigated the structure and relationships of the body parts that are VISIBLE to the unaided eye such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, kidneys.
5
Q
Cytology
A
Study of cells
6
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissues
7
Q
Anterior
A
Front
8
Q
Posterior
A
Back
9
Q
Superior
A
Closer to head
10
Q
Inferior
A
Closer to feet
11
Q
Cranial
A
At head end
12
Q
Caudal
A
At rear or tail end
13
Q
Rostral
A
Towards nose or mouth
14
Q
Medial
A
Towards midline
15
Q
Lateral
A
Away from midline
16
Q
Deep
A
On the inside/ heart is deep to the rib cage
17
Q
Superficial
A
On the outside/ skin is superficial to biceps brachii muscle
18
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to point of attachment
19
Q
Distal
A
Farther away from point of attachment
20
Q
Negative feedback loop
A
Resulting action is in the opposite direction/ homeostatic system; body temperature changes
21
Q
Positive feedback loop
A
Stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs/ breast feeding
22
Q
Subatomical particles that make up an atom
A
Neutron, proton, electron
23
Q
Neutron
A
No electrical charge/neutral charge
24
Q
Proton
A
Positively charged particle found in nucleus
25
Electron
Found in orbital shell, negative/ no charge
26
Atomic number
Indicates the number of protons written directly above chemical symbol
27
Atomic mass
Total mass/weight of both protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus. Number directly below the chemical symbol
28
3 major types of bonds
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds
29
Ionic bonds
When an atom donates/receives an electron thus becoming an ion
30
Covalent Bond
Formed when atoms share electrons. Forms when both atoms require electrons to be stable
31
Electronegativity
Relative attraction each atom has for electrons
32
Nonpolar Bond
Electron shared equally
33
Polar bond
Electron shared unequally; one atom hogs electron and this creates slightly charged ends
34
Hydrogen bond
Occurs between two different polar, slights charged molecules
35
Function of lipids
Stores energy, components of cellular membranes, hormones
36
What are primary classes of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
37
What are phospholipids a major component of?
Cell membrane
38
Monosaccharides
Least complex carbohydrates are simple sugars and monomers. Glucose, fructose and galactose
39
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides; ex maltose, sucrose, lactose
40
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides; starch, glycogen, cellulose
41
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
42
Potential energy
Stored energy
43
Chemical energy
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released during chemical reaction
44
ATP
Powers nearly all forms of cellular work; energy molecule produced from a break down of glucose in cellular respiration
45
Exergonic reaction
Goes out, energy is released, downhill reactions
46
Endergonic reaction
Puts in, energy is required
47
3 major components of a cell
Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
48
4 main functions of the cell membrane
Physical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradients, communication
49
Passive transport
Does not require energy; high-low
50
Active transport
Requires energy, low-high
51
Diffusion
Movement of substances from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
52
Osmosis
Involves water movement and not the movement of solutes
53
Tonicity
Extracellular solution
54
Hypotonic
Fewer solutes outside cell than inside cell
55
Hypertonic
More solutes outside cell than inside cell
56
Isotonic
Same number if solutes in intercellular and extracellular fluids. Our body WANTS isotonic
57
Sodium potassium pump
NA/K is form of active transport. 1ATP, 2 K+ ions in and 3 Na2+ ions out.
58
Vesicular transport
Moves bulk material via a vesicle- membrane bound sac
59
Phagocytosis
Movement of solid material
60
Pinocytosis
Movement of fluid
61
Cell membrane
Barrier around cell that lets things in and out
62
Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance between the organelles carries nutrients to organelles
63
Nucleus
Contains DNA
64
Mitochondria
Energy is produced here
65
Nuclear envelope
Surrounds the nucleus
66
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in the synthesis of lipid
67
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
68
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Point of attachment for ribosomes and other enzymes
69
Golgi apparatus
Processes, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
70
Ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis
71
Centrioles
Function in cell division
72
Lysosomes
Get rid of unneeded or unwanted material
73
Protein synthesis
Process of synthesizing new proteins: done in transcription and translation
74
Mitosis
1 of 2 major events in protein synthesis. Cell division of all somatic cells
75
Meiosis
1 of 2 major events in protein synthesis: cell division if sex cells
76
Alleles
Different form of the same gene
77
Homozygous alleles
Chromosomes carry same allele or Particular gene
78
Heterozygous alleles
Chromosomes carry different allele or particular gene
79
Dominant allele
Expressed in upper case, masks recessive allele
80
Recessive
Lower case, only expressed if dominant allele is not around
81
Merocrine glands
Secrete 99% water, regulate temperature
82
Apocrine Cells
Secrete proteins and lipids
83
Sebaceous glands
Secrete sebum (oil)
84
6 functions of bones
Structural support, protection, movement, hematopoiesis, mineral storage, energy reserve
85
4 classifications of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular
86
Diaphysis
Shaft
87
Epiphysis
Bulbed ends
88
Metaphysis
Between diaphysis and epiphysis
89
Periosteum
Outer covering
90
Endosteum
Inner covering
91
Red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
92
Yellow bone marrow
Fatty substance
93
Axial skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
94
Appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle
95
Fontanelles
Soft spots on fetus/infant skull
96
How many compose the vertebral column
Cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
97
Osteoprogenitor cell
Stem cells derived in mesenchyme
98
Osteoblasts
Secretes organic form of bone matrix called osteoid
99
Osteocytes
Maintain bone matrix and detect mechanical stress
100
Osteoclasts
Involved in the breakdown of bone through bone resorption
101
Intramembranous
Bone growth within a membrane; flat bones of skull and some facial bones
102
Endochondral
A hyaline cartilage model; upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle
103
Lymph
Interstitial fluid that escapes capillaries
104
What’s in lymph
Water, ions, cell debris, antigens
105
How much lymph do we make in a day
3 liters a day
106
Primary lymphatic structure
Thymus and red bone marrow: involved in formation and maturation of lymphocytes
107
Secondary lymphatic structure
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT: serve to house lymphocytes and other immune cells
108
Thymus
Located in low throat, turns to fat as we age. Matures T-lymphocytes
109
Function of a lymph node
Filters lymph, removes unwanted substances allows antigen presentation to B-Cells
110
MALT
Protects against pathogens and toxins that enter the mucous membranes
111
First line in innate immune system
Skin and mucosal membranes
112
Second line in innate immune system
Cellular defense, antimicrobial proteins, (complement system) physiological response (inflammation and fever)
113
Cells involved in cellular response of innate immunity
Neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, mast cells, NK cells, eosinophils
114
Fibrous joint
No joint cavity, dense regular CT binds the joint
115
Cartilaginous joint
No joint cavity, cartilage forms the joint
116
Synovial joint
Fluid filled joint cavity, ligaments form the joint
117
Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
118
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly moveable joint
119
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable joints
