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Human A&P 1 Practical > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of function

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3
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. Needs a microscope.

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4
Q

Macroscopic Anatomy

A

AKA Gross Anatomy
Investigated the structure and relationships of the body parts that are VISIBLE to the unaided eye such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, kidneys.

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5
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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6
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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9
Q

Superior

A

Closer to head

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10
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to feet

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11
Q

Cranial

A

At head end

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12
Q

Caudal

A

At rear or tail end

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13
Q

Rostral

A

Towards nose or mouth

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14
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

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15
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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16
Q

Deep

A

On the inside/ heart is deep to the rib cage

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17
Q

Superficial

A

On the outside/ skin is superficial to biceps brachii muscle

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18
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment

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19
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from point of attachment

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20
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Resulting action is in the opposite direction/ homeostatic system; body temperature changes

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21
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs/ breast feeding

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22
Q

Subatomical particles that make up an atom

A

Neutron, proton, electron

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23
Q

Neutron

A

No electrical charge/neutral charge

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24
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle found in nucleus

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25
Q

Electron

A

Found in orbital shell, negative/ no charge

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26
Q

Atomic number

A

Indicates the number of protons written directly above chemical symbol

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27
Q

Atomic mass

A

Total mass/weight of both protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus. Number directly below the chemical symbol

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28
Q

3 major types of bonds

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds

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29
Q

Ionic bonds

A

When an atom donates/receives an electron thus becoming an ion

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30
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Formed when atoms share electrons. Forms when both atoms require electrons to be stable

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31
Q

Electronegativity

A

Relative attraction each atom has for electrons

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32
Q

Nonpolar Bond

A

Electron shared equally

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33
Q

Polar bond

A

Electron shared unequally; one atom hogs electron and this creates slightly charged ends

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34
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Occurs between two different polar, slights charged molecules

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35
Q

Function of lipids

A

Stores energy, components of cellular membranes, hormones

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36
Q

What are primary classes of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

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37
Q

What are phospholipids a major component of?

A

Cell membrane

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38
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Least complex carbohydrates are simple sugars and monomers. Glucose, fructose and galactose

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39
Q

Disaccharides

A

Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides; ex maltose, sucrose, lactose

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40
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides; starch, glycogen, cellulose

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41
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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42
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

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43
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released during chemical reaction

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44
Q

ATP

A

Powers nearly all forms of cellular work; energy molecule produced from a break down of glucose in cellular respiration

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45
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Goes out, energy is released, downhill reactions

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46
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Puts in, energy is required

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47
Q

3 major components of a cell

A

Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

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48
Q

4 main functions of the cell membrane

A

Physical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradients, communication

49
Q

Passive transport

A

Does not require energy; high-low

50
Q

Active transport

A

Requires energy, low-high

51
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of substances from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

52
Q

Osmosis

A

Involves water movement and not the movement of solutes

53
Q

Tonicity

A

Extracellular solution

54
Q

Hypotonic

A

Fewer solutes outside cell than inside cell

55
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solutes outside cell than inside cell

56
Q

Isotonic

A

Same number if solutes in intercellular and extracellular fluids. Our body WANTS isotonic

57
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

NA/K is form of active transport. 1ATP, 2 K+ ions in and 3 Na2+ ions out.

58
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Moves bulk material via a vesicle- membrane bound sac

59
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Movement of solid material

60
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Movement of fluid

61
Q

Cell membrane

A

Barrier around cell that lets things in and out

62
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance between the organelles carries nutrients to organelles

63
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

64
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy is produced here

65
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Surrounds the nucleus

66
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Involved in the synthesis of lipid

67
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

68
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Point of attachment for ribosomes and other enzymes

69
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processes, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins

70
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in protein synthesis

71
Q

Centrioles

A

Function in cell division

72
Q

Lysosomes

A

Get rid of unneeded or unwanted material

73
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Process of synthesizing new proteins: done in transcription and translation

74
Q

Mitosis

A

1 of 2 major events in protein synthesis. Cell division of all somatic cells

75
Q

Meiosis

A

1 of 2 major events in protein synthesis: cell division if sex cells

76
Q

Alleles

A

Different form of the same gene

77
Q

Homozygous alleles

A

Chromosomes carry same allele or Particular gene

78
Q

Heterozygous alleles

A

Chromosomes carry different allele or particular gene

79
Q

Dominant allele

A

Expressed in upper case, masks recessive allele

80
Q

Recessive

A

Lower case, only expressed if dominant allele is not around

81
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Secrete 99% water, regulate temperature

82
Q

Apocrine Cells

A

Secrete proteins and lipids

83
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Secrete sebum (oil)

84
Q

6 functions of bones

A

Structural support, protection, movement, hematopoiesis, mineral storage, energy reserve

85
Q

4 classifications of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

86
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

87
Q

Epiphysis

A

Bulbed ends

88
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis

89
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer covering

90
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner covering

91
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

92
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Fatty substance

93
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

94
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle

95
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft spots on fetus/infant skull

96
Q

How many compose the vertebral column

A

Cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

97
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell

A

Stem cells derived in mesenchyme

98
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Secretes organic form of bone matrix called osteoid

99
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintain bone matrix and detect mechanical stress

100
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Involved in the breakdown of bone through bone resorption

101
Q

Intramembranous

A

Bone growth within a membrane; flat bones of skull and some facial bones

102
Q

Endochondral

A

A hyaline cartilage model; upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle

103
Q

Lymph

A

Interstitial fluid that escapes capillaries

104
Q

What’s in lymph

A

Water, ions, cell debris, antigens

105
Q

How much lymph do we make in a day

A

3 liters a day

106
Q

Primary lymphatic structure

A

Thymus and red bone marrow: involved in formation and maturation of lymphocytes

107
Q

Secondary lymphatic structure

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT: serve to house lymphocytes and other immune cells

108
Q

Thymus

A

Located in low throat, turns to fat as we age. Matures T-lymphocytes

109
Q

Function of a lymph node

A

Filters lymph, removes unwanted substances allows antigen presentation to B-Cells

110
Q

MALT

A

Protects against pathogens and toxins that enter the mucous membranes

111
Q

First line in innate immune system

A

Skin and mucosal membranes

112
Q

Second line in innate immune system

A

Cellular defense, antimicrobial proteins, (complement system) physiological response (inflammation and fever)

113
Q

Cells involved in cellular response of innate immunity

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, mast cells, NK cells, eosinophils

114
Q

Fibrous joint

A

No joint cavity, dense regular CT binds the joint

115
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

No joint cavity, cartilage forms the joint

116
Q

Synovial joint

A

Fluid filled joint cavity, ligaments form the joint

117
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint

118
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly moveable joint

119
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable joints

Human A&P 1 Practical (10 decks)

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