Final Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of structure
Physiology
Study of function
Microscopic anatomy
Examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. Needs a microscope.
Macroscopic Anatomy
AKA Gross Anatomy
Investigated the structure and relationships of the body parts that are VISIBLE to the unaided eye such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, kidneys.
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissues
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Superior
Closer to head
Inferior
Closer to feet
Cranial
At head end
Caudal
At rear or tail end
Rostral
Towards nose or mouth
Medial
Towards midline
Lateral
Away from midline
Deep
On the inside/ heart is deep to the rib cage
Superficial
On the outside/ skin is superficial to biceps brachii muscle
Proximal
Closer to point of attachment
Distal
Farther away from point of attachment
Negative feedback loop
Resulting action is in the opposite direction/ homeostatic system; body temperature changes
Positive feedback loop
Stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climatic event occurs/ breast feeding
Subatomical particles that make up an atom
Neutron, proton, electron
Neutron
No electrical charge/neutral charge
Proton
Positively charged particle found in nucleus
Electron
Found in orbital shell, negative/ no charge
Atomic number
Indicates the number of protons written directly above chemical symbol
Atomic mass
Total mass/weight of both protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus. Number directly below the chemical symbol
3 major types of bonds
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
When an atom donates/receives an electron thus becoming an ion
Covalent Bond
Formed when atoms share electrons. Forms when both atoms require electrons to be stable
Electronegativity
Relative attraction each atom has for electrons
Nonpolar Bond
Electron shared equally
Polar bond
Electron shared unequally; one atom hogs electron and this creates slightly charged ends
Hydrogen bond
Occurs between two different polar, slights charged molecules
Function of lipids
Stores energy, components of cellular membranes, hormones
What are primary classes of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
What are phospholipids a major component of?
Cell membrane
Monosaccharides
Least complex carbohydrates are simple sugars and monomers. Glucose, fructose and galactose
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides; ex maltose, sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides; starch, glycogen, cellulose
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Potential energy
Stored energy
Chemical energy
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released during chemical reaction
ATP
Powers nearly all forms of cellular work; energy molecule produced from a break down of glucose in cellular respiration
Exergonic reaction
Goes out, energy is released, downhill reactions
Endergonic reaction
Puts in, energy is required
3 major components of a cell
Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
4 main functions of the cell membrane
Physical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradients, communication
Passive transport
Does not require energy; high-low
Active transport
Requires energy, low-high
Diffusion
Movement of substances from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
Osmosis
Involves water movement and not the movement of solutes
Tonicity
Extracellular solution
Hypotonic
Fewer solutes outside cell than inside cell
Hypertonic
More solutes outside cell than inside cell
Isotonic
Same number if solutes in intercellular and extracellular fluids. Our body WANTS isotonic
Sodium potassium pump
NA/K is form of active transport. 1ATP, 2 K+ ions in and 3 Na2+ ions out.
Vesicular transport
Moves bulk material via a vesicle- membrane bound sac
Phagocytosis
Movement of solid material
Pinocytosis
Movement of fluid
Cell membrane
Barrier around cell that lets things in and out
Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance between the organelles carries nutrients to organelles
Nucleus
Contains DNA
Mitochondria
Energy is produced here
Nuclear envelope
Surrounds the nucleus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in the synthesis of lipid
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Point of attachment for ribosomes and other enzymes
Golgi apparatus
Processes, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
Ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis
Centrioles
Function in cell division
Lysosomes
Get rid of unneeded or unwanted material
Protein synthesis
Process of synthesizing new proteins: done in transcription and translation
Mitosis
1 of 2 major events in protein synthesis. Cell division of all somatic cells
Meiosis
1 of 2 major events in protein synthesis: cell division if sex cells
Alleles
Different form of the same gene
Homozygous alleles
Chromosomes carry same allele or Particular gene
Heterozygous alleles
Chromosomes carry different allele or particular gene
Dominant allele
Expressed in upper case, masks recessive allele
Recessive
Lower case, only expressed if dominant allele is not around
Merocrine glands
Secrete 99% water, regulate temperature
Apocrine Cells
Secrete proteins and lipids
Sebaceous glands
Secrete sebum (oil)
6 functions of bones
Structural support, protection, movement, hematopoiesis, mineral storage, energy reserve
4 classifications of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular
Diaphysis
Shaft
Epiphysis
Bulbed ends
Metaphysis
Between diaphysis and epiphysis
Periosteum
Outer covering
Endosteum
Inner covering
Red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
Yellow bone marrow
Fatty substance
Axial skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle
Fontanelles
Soft spots on fetus/infant skull
How many compose the vertebral column
Cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
Osteoprogenitor cell
Stem cells derived in mesenchyme
Osteoblasts
Secretes organic form of bone matrix called osteoid
Osteocytes
Maintain bone matrix and detect mechanical stress
Osteoclasts
Involved in the breakdown of bone through bone resorption
Intramembranous
Bone growth within a membrane; flat bones of skull and some facial bones
Endochondral
A hyaline cartilage model; upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle
Lymph
Interstitial fluid that escapes capillaries
What’s in lymph
Water, ions, cell debris, antigens
How much lymph do we make in a day
3 liters a day
Primary lymphatic structure
Thymus and red bone marrow: involved in formation and maturation of lymphocytes
Secondary lymphatic structure
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT: serve to house lymphocytes and other immune cells
Thymus
Located in low throat, turns to fat as we age. Matures T-lymphocytes
Function of a lymph node
Filters lymph, removes unwanted substances allows antigen presentation to B-Cells
MALT
Protects against pathogens and toxins that enter the mucous membranes
First line in innate immune system
Skin and mucosal membranes
Second line in innate immune system
Cellular defense, antimicrobial proteins, (complement system) physiological response (inflammation and fever)
Cells involved in cellular response of innate immunity
Neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, mast cells, NK cells, eosinophils
Fibrous joint
No joint cavity, dense regular CT binds the joint
Cartilaginous joint
No joint cavity, cartilage forms the joint
Synovial joint
Fluid filled joint cavity, ligaments form the joint
Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly moveable joint
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable joints
