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Human A&P 1 Practical > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

Dermis

A

Dense irregular tissue

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3
Q

Keratinized

A

Change or become changed into a form containing keratin.

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4
Q

Keratinized

A

Protects deep tissue from abrasion, found on the sole of the foot and palms of hand.

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5
Q

Non-keratinized

A

Must be kept moist from bodily secretions to to prevent drying out, found in the lining of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, lining of vagina and anus.

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6
Q

5 Layer of Epidermis/ deep to superficial

A

Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum (thick only), Stratum Corneum

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7
Q

Stratum Basale/Stratum Germinative/Basal Layer

A

Deepest layer, single layer of cuboidal to lower columnar cells tightly attached to an underlying basement membrane that separates the epidermis from the connective tissue or adjacent dermis.

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8
Q

Stratum Basale/Stratum Germinativum/Basal Layer Cells

A

Keratinocytes: dead, divide to generate new cells.
Melanocytes: Alive, produce and store pigment melanin.
Tactile cells/Merkel Cells: Alive, sensitive to touch, when compressed release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings providing info about objects touching skin.

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9
Q

Stratum Spinosum/Spiny Layer

A

Made up of several layers of polygonal keratinocytes. Each time a keratinocyte stem cell divides, a daughter cell is pushed to the external surface of the Stratum Basale. Once it enters the Stratum Spinosum, it begins to differentiate into non-dividing, highly specialized keratinocyte.

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10
Q

Stratum Spinosum/Spiny Layer Cells

A

Epidermal Dendritic Cells: Alive, immune cells that help fight infection.

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11
Q

Stratum Granulosum/Granular Layer

A

Consists of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes superficial to the Stratum Spinosum. Process of Keratinization begins here.

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12
Q

Stratum Granulosum/Granular Layer Cells

A

Keratinized Cells: Dead, because there is no nucleus or organelles but are structurally strong because of the keratin it contains.

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13
Q

Stratum Lucidum/Clear Layer

A

Thick skin only, is a thin translucent region of dead skin cells about 2-3 cell layers that is superficial to the Stratum Granulosum. Located on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

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14
Q

Stratum Lucidum/Clear Layer Cells

A

Keratinocytes that are flattened and filled with translucent protein called eledin. This layer helps protect from UV light.

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15
Q

Stratum Corneum/Hornlike Layer

A

Is the most superficial layer of the epidermis. Is the Stratum you see when you look at your skin.

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16
Q

Stratum Corneum/Hornlike Layer Cells

A

20-30 layers of dead, Anucleate cells that are scaly, interlocking keratinized Cells. Functions as a barrier.

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17
Q

Where does keratinization begin?

A

In the Stratum Granulosum

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18
Q

What are the differences in thick and thin skin?

A

Thick skin has stratum Lucidum, thin skin does not.

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19
Q

Thick skin

A

Found on palms of hands and soles of feet and has no hair follicles or oil glands.

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20
Q

Thin Skin

A

Covers most of the body, and has hair follicles and oil glands.

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21
Q

What combination helps give skin color and tone?

A

Hemoglobin, melanin, carotene

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22
Q

Albinism

A

Inherited recessive condition where enzyme needed to produce melanin is non-functional. Individuals have White hair, pale skin, and pink irisis.

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23
Q

Nevus

A

Commonly called a mole, is a harmless overgrowth of melanocytes.

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24
Q

Freckle

A

Yellowish or brown spots that represent localized areas of increased melanocyte activity. Degree of pigmentation depends on sun exposure and hereditary.

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25
Q

Hemangioma

A

An anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to blood vessels that proliferate to form a benign tumor.

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26
Q

Friction Ridge

A

Type of skin marking, found on contours of skin such as fingertips, palms, soles and toes. Increase friction and allow for identification of individuals since they are unique to each person.

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27
Q

Cleavage Lines

A

Tension lines in the skin that identify predominant orientation of colleges fiber bundles. These lines are taken into consideration during surgery.

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28
Q

What are the two layers of the Dermis?

A

Papillary Layer and Reticular Layer

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29
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Superficial layer of the dermis, composed of areolar connective tissue

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30
Q

Reticular Layer

A

Deepest layer of Dermis, composed of dense irregular tissue

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31
Q

Why are tattoos permanent?

A

Dye is injected into the dermis which does not have rapid cell turnover, which means the dye will remain in the area for a long time.

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32
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous Layer/superficial Fascia. Not considered part of the integument. Has both areolar and adipose connective tissue.

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33
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Diameters of the vessels narrow, so less blood can travel through them.

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34
Q

Vasodilation

A

Diameter of the vessels increases, so more blood can travel through them.

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35
Q

Integumentary system structures derived from epidermis

A

Nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin.

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36
Q

Yellow Nail Syndrome

A

Occurs when growth and thickening of nails slows or stops entirely. Outward sign of respiratory disease or chronic bronchitis

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37
Q

Spoon Nails

A

Nail malformation where the outer surface of the nails are concave instead of convex. Frequently a sign of iron deficiency.

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38
Q

Beau’s Lines

A

Run horizontally across the nail and indicate a temporary interference with nail growth at the time the nail was formed. Sign of chronic malnutrition.

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39
Q

Two types of Exocrine Glands

A

Sweat Glands and Sebaceous Glands

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40
Q

Merocrine Glands

A

Secretes Sweat/ cools the body down/ most widely distributed cells

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41
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

Secrete fat droplets into breast milk and fat droplets into the ear to produce ear wax.

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42
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands only in the ear canal, where they secrete a waterproof ear wax called cerumen.

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43
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Of the breasts are modified apocrine sweat glands. Both male and female have them. Only become functional in pregnant/lactating females and produce milk to feed offspring.

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44
Q

Difference between Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine glands?

A

Merocrine secretion does not damage the cell. Aprocrine: part of the cell breaks off and is released. Holocrine Secretion: destroys the whole cell.

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45
Q

Regeneration

A

The replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type.

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46
Q

Fibrosis

A

The process of scar tissue deposition during healing, serves to bind damaged parts together.

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47
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic autoimmune skin disease that has periods of flare-ups and remissions. The normal sloughing-off cycle of keratinocytes is thrown out of balance and the cells develop into patches of white scaly skin

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48
Q

Greatest risk factor for skin cancer?

A

Chronic exposure to UV rays and fair-skinned individuals, especially those who had sever sunburns and children.

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49
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

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50
Q

Bruise

A

Blood or bleeding under the skin due to trauma; typically black and blue at first, with color changes as healing progresses.

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51
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin and eyes that occurs when the liver’s ability to eliminate bilirubin is impaired.

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52
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Responds to distortion of the plasma membrane that occurs due to touch, pressure, vibration and stretch.

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53
Q

Encapsulated sensory receptor

A

Has a special capsule which enclosed a nerve ending.

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54
Q

Unencapsulated sensory receptor

A

No special structure and are basically free nerve endings. (Pain/temperature receptors)

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55
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

Tactile receptors, either tonic receptors (adapt slowly) or phasic receptors (adapt quickly).

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56
Q

Where do free nerve cells reside and what do they detect?

A

Closest to the surface of the skin in the papillary Layer and detect temperature and pain stimuli and also detect light touch and pressure.

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57
Q

Root Hair Plexuses

A

Specialized terminal endings of sensory neurons that form a weblike sheath around hair follicles in their reticular layer of the dermis.

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58
Q

What do root hair plexuses detect?

A

Movement. Sends and receives nerve impulses to the brain when the hair moves.

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59
Q

Where are Merkel cells located and what do they detect?

A

Stratum Basale, light touch sensation

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60
Q

Where are End/Krause bulbs located?

A

Ensheathed in connective tissue found in the dermis of the skin, mucous membranes of the oral cavity, vagina and anal canal.

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61
Q

What do End/Krause bulbs detect?

A

Light pressure stimuli and low-frequency vibration

62
Q

What does Pacinian Corpuacles Detect?

A

Continuous deep-pressure and high-frequency vibration stimuli.

63
Q

Where is the Pacinian Corpuacles located?

A

Found deep within the reticular layer of the dermis of the skin, found in the hypodermis of the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, breasts, and external genitalia, and walls of some organs

64
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Are oval receptors formed from highly intertwined terminal endings of sensory neurons

65
Q

What do Meissner’s Corpuscles detect?

A

Texture and shape of an object for light touch. Found on lips, palms, eyelids, nipples and genitals

66
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones of the skeleton, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissue that stabilized and connects bones.

67
Q

What two types of bones make up the skeletal system?

A

Compact and spongy

68
Q

What type of cartilage make up the skeletal system?

A

Hyaline and fibrocartilage

69
Q

What composed the tendons and ligaments in the skeletal system?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

70
Q

Compact Bone

A

Relatively dense connective bone tissue that appears white, smooth, and solid. Makes up 80% if the total bone mass.

71
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Located internal to the compact bone, appears porous, and makes up 20% of total bone mass.

72
Q

6 functions of bone

A

Support and protection, movement, hemopoiesis, storage of mineral and energy reserve.

73
Q

4 classification of bone

A

Long, short, flat and irregular

74
Q

Anatomy of the long bone

A

Grow by elongation of the diaphysis with an epiphysis at each end. Ends of epiphysis are covered with hyaline cartilage

75
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the long bone, provides leverage and major weight support of a long bone

76
Q

Epiphysis

A

The expanded knobby region at each end of a long bone

77
Q

Articulate Cartilage

A

Covers the joint surface of an epiphysis and is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. Helps reduce friction and absorb shock in moveable joints.

78
Q

Metaphysis

A

Is the region in a mature bone sandwiched between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

79
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Growth plate; is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides continuous lengthwise growth of a bone

80
Q

Periosteum

A

A tough sheath that covers the outer surface of the bone except for the areas covered by articulate cartilage

81
Q

Endosteum

A

An incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity

82
Q

Gross anatomy of short, flat, & irregular bones

A

External surface is composed of compact bone, the interior is composed entirely of spongy bone and there is no medullary cavity

83
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Hemopoietic (blood cell forming) and contains reticular connective tissue, immature blood cells & fat

84
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Once adulthood sets in, red bone marrow turns into a fatty yellow substance of the medullary cavity called yellow bone marrow

85
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cell

A

Stem cells derived from mesenchyme

86
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Formed from osteoprogenitor cells and perform the important function of synthesizing and secreting the initial semisolid organic bone matrix called osteoid.

87
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have lost their bone-forming ability when enveloped by calcifies osteoid

88
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large, multi nuclear phagocytes cells. Involved in breaking down bone through resorption

89
Q

Bone reabsorption

A

Is the process whereby bone matrix is destroyed by substances released by osteoclasts into the extraceullar space adjacent to the bone

90
Q

What vitamins and minerals make up bone?

A

Vitamin D, Vitamin C, calcium and phosphate

91
Q

Structure of Hyaline Cartilage

A

Glassy-Appearing matrix; irregularly arranges chondrocytes in lacunae; usually covered by perichondrium. Looks like grape soda

92
Q

Apposition growth

A

Is an increase in width along the cartilages’ outside edge or periphery

93
Q

Interstitial growth

A

The lengthening of bone resulting from growth of cartilage and it’s replacement with bone tissue

94
Q

Ossification/Osteogenesis

A

Refers to the formation and development of bone connective tissue. Begins in the embryo and continue as the skeleton grows during childhood and adolescence.

95
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone growth within a membrane- produces the fat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible and central part of clavicle.

96
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

essential processes during fetal development, system by which bone tissue is created.

97
Q

Endochondral Ossification make what bones

A

Most bones of the skeleton, including upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, and the ends of the clavicle

98
Q

Interstitial Bone Growth

A

A lib bones growth in length, occurs in the hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

99
Q

Appositional Bone Growth

A

Increases width of growing bones-Occurs at endosteal and periosteal surfaces.

100
Q

Bone remodeling

A

The constant dynamic process of continual addition of new bone tissue (bone deposition) and removal of old bone tissue (bone resorption)

101
Q

How does growth hormone affect bone growth and remodeling?

A

By stimulating the liver to form another hormone called insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

102
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect bone growth and remodeling?

A

By influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells

103
Q

How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone is released in response to low calcium levels. PTH and calcitrol increase the release of calcium from bone into blood by increasing osteoclasts activity. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium extortion by the kidneys

104
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Is a disease that results in decreased bone mass and leads to weakened bones that are prone to fracture

105
Q

Stress fracture

A

Is a thin break caused by increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads. Seen in runners.

106
Q

Pathological fracture

A

Usually occurs in bones weakened by disease.

107
Q

Simple fracture

A

The broken bone does not penetrate the skin

108
Q

Compound fracture

A

One or both ends of the broken bone pierces through the skin

109
Q

4 steps of bone repair

A
  1. A fracture hematoma forms
  2. A fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. A hard callus forms
  4. The bone is remodeled
110
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Composed of the bones along the central axis of the body to form a framework that supports and protects the organs.

111
Q

What bones make up the Axial Skeleton?

A

Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage

112
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Is the portion of Vertebras consisting of the bones that support the appendages

113
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles of bones that attach the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton,pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

114
Q

How many cranial bones are in the skull?

A

8

115
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

116
Q

How many bones make up the orbit?

A

7

117
Q

What are the passageways through the skull and what are passing through them?

A

Canals, fissures, and foramina. Blood vessels and nerves pass through them

118
Q

Suture

A

Immovable joints that form the boundaries between the cranial bones

119
Q

Where is the coronal suture

A

Extends laterally across the superior surface of the skull along a coronal plane

120
Q

Where is the lambdoidal suture?

A

Extends like an arc across the posterior surface of the skull articulating with the parietal bones and the occipital bone

121
Q

Where is the squamous suture?

A

On each side of the skull, articulates the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side

122
Q

Where is the Sagittal Suture?

A

Extends between the coronal and lambdoid sutures alone the midsagittal plane

123
Q

Fontanelles

A

Flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue membrane. “Soft spots” on baby’s head. Allows flexion for the head to pass through the birth canal.

124
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Air-filled chambers that open into the nasal cavities that help humidify and warm inhaled air

125
Q

What effect do paranasal sinuses have on the skull?

A

The sinus spaces cause the skull bones to be lighter and provide resonance to voice

126
Q

Male skull

A

Tend to be more robust (larger, sturdier, bulkier). More blunt supraorbital margin, prominent arch, square mental, sloping frontal bone

127
Q

Female skull

A

Tend to be gracile (delicate, small). Thin, sharp supraorbital margin, arch not prominent, triangle mental, smooth external occipital protuberance

128
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Slender, curved bone located inferior to the skull between the mandible and larynx (voice box)

129
Q

What’s special about he Hyoid bone?

A

Does not articulate with any other bones in the skeleton

130
Q

What is the Hyoid Bones function?

A

Serves as an attachment site for the tongue and larynx (voice box)

131
Q

How many Vertebrae comprise the Vertebral Column?

A

24

132
Q

Where do the curves in the spine come from?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvatures

133
Q

Lordosis

A

Exaggerated lumbar curvature often called SWAYBACK that is seen as a protrusion of the abdomen and buttocks

134
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggerated thoracic curvature that is directed posteriorly producing a HUNCHBACK look

135
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A

Pads of fibrocartilage composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage, called the annulus fibrosus and an inner gelatinous circular region called the nucleus pulposus

136
Q

Annulus Fibrosus

A

Outer ring of fibrocartilage

137
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

An inner gelatinous circular region

138
Q

Components of the thoracic cage

A

Thoracic Vertebrae, ribs, sternum

139
Q

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

Acts as a protective enclosure around the thoracic organs and also provides attachment point for many muscles

140
Q

Differences between upper and lower limbs?

A

Lower limbs support our body weight and are responsible for moving our bodies when we walk or run upper limbs have been freed from these functions and are able to do other things like grasping objects and utilizing tools with our hands

141
Q

Similarities between upper and lower limbs?

A

Proximal part of each limb has a girdle that holds the limbs in place distal part of each limb contains two long bones followed by multiple short bones and then numerous long bones in the hand and foot

142
Q

Components and function of pectoral girdle?

A

Articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs, consist of the clavicle and scapulae

143
Q

Components of the upper limb

A 
Brachium, antebrachium, hand. Contains 30 bones:
1 humerus
1 radius and 1 ulna 
8 carpal bones 
5 metacarpal bones
14 phalanges
144
Q

Pelvis

A

Composed of 4 bones:
Sacrum, coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae. Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity

145
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Refers to both the left and right ossa coxae only, articulates with the trunk and provides an attachment point for each lower limb

146
Q

Female pelvis

A

Shallower and wider than males. Ilium flares laterally, acetabulum projects more laterally and greater sciatic notch is narrower, deeper, and U shaped. Females have preauricular sulcus and males do not. Sacrum is shorter and wider; body of pubis is longer and rectangular

147
Q

Male pelvis

A

Ilium projects more superiorly,does not have preauricular sulcus, pubis is longer and triangular

148
Q

What bones make up the Os Coxae

A

Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis

149
Q

What is Acetabulum

A

Deep, curved depression of the lateral surface of the Os Coxae that the femur articulates with

150
Q

When do bones fuse together?

A

Adulthood

151
Q

What bones compose the lower limb?

A 
Thigh, leg, foot. Contains 30 bones:
1 femur
1 patella
1 tibia, 1 fibula
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones
14 phalanges

Human A&P 1 Practical (10 decks)

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