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Human A&P 1 Practical > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Joint/Articulation

A

Place of contact between bone and cartilage or bone and teeth

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2
Q

Where do joints exists?

A

Anywhere bones come together

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3
Q

Fibrous Joint

A

No joint cavity, occurs where bones are held together by dense regular CT

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4
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

Tooth to jaw, lambdoid suture, between radius and ulna, between tibia and fibula

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5
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

No cavity and occurs where bone are joined by cartilage

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6
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Epiphyseal plates, intervertebral disc articulations

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7
Q

Synovial joint

A

Fluid filled Joint cavity that separates articulating surface of bones formed by ligaments

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8
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A

Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle joint

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9
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immobile joint

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10
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly mobile joint

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11
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely mobile joint

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12
Q

Suture

A

Synarthrosis/Immobile fibrous joints found between certain bones of the skull

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13
Q

Function of a suture

A

Have interlocking irregular edges that increase strength and decrease numbers of fractures

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14
Q

Syndemoses joint

A

Amphiarthrosis/slightly mobile fibrous joint where articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular CT

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15
Q

Interosseous Membrane

A

Broad ligamentous sheet that provides a pivot where he radius/ulna or tibia/fibula can move against one another

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16
Q

Gomphosis Joint

A

Synarthrosis/immobile “Peg in socket joint” root of the tooth is the peg and the mandible and maxilla are the socket it goes into

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17
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Articulation where bones are joined by Hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

Example of a synchondrosis articulation

A

Costochondral joints between the first rib and the sternum that are synarthrosis/immobile

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19
Q

Symphyses

A

Pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bone that resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as shock absorber

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20
Q

Example of symphesis

A

Pubic symphesis; amphiarthrosis/slightly mobile

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21
Q

Distinct features of synovial joint

A

Freely mobile articulations. Composed of a double layer capsule called articulating capsule . Outer layer is fibrous layer. Inner layer is synovial membrane.

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22
Q

Articular capsule

A

Envelope surrounding synovial joint

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23
Q

What are the two layers of the Articular Capsule?

A

Fibrous layer & synovial membrane

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24
Q

3 purposes of synovial fluid

A

Lubricate articular cartilage, nourish the chondrocytes, acts as shock absorber

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25
Q

Joint cavity

A

Space that permits separation of articulating bones

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26
Q

Bursa

A

Fibrous saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and lined internally by synovial membranes

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27
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon where there is excessive friction

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28
Q

Fat pads

A

Found along synovial joints and act as a packing material and provide protection to the joint

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29
Q

Plane joint

A

Simplest synovial articulation and least mobile type of diarthrosis. Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

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30
Q

Hinge joint

A

Formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis or flex/extend in one direction. Ankle, elbow, knee joints.

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31
Q

Pivot joint

A

Uniaxial joint where one articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone.

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32
Q

Condylar joint

A

Bisexual joints with oval/convex surface. Can move in two axes: front/back, side/side. Joints of the fingers AKA knuckles

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33
Q

Saddle joint

A

Resembles a saddle, biaxial joint that allows a greater range of movement- joints of the thumb that allow grasping are saddle joints.

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34
Q

Ball & Socket joint

A

Multiaxial Joints where the spherical head fits into a rounded socket of the second bone. Hip and shoulder joints. Moves in 3 directions

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35
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of fluid filled pads (bursae) that acts as joints cushions. Found in shoulder, hip and elbow

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36
Q

Tendonitis

A

Tissue connecting muscle to bone becomes inflamed. Tennis elbow

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37
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammatory or degenerative disease of the joints. Swelling of the joint, pain, and stiffness.

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38
Q

Angular motion

A

Either increases or decreases the angle between bones

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39
Q

Flexion

A

Movement in an interior-posterior plane of the body that decreases angle between bones (bending finger towards palm to make fist)

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40
Q

Extension

A

Movement is anterior-posterior that increases angle between articulating bones. Straightening out clenched fingers.

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41
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal place laterally away from the body

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42
Q

Hyperextension

A

When a joint is extended more than 180 degrees

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43
Q

Abduction

A

Means to move away and is lateral movement of a body part away from the midline

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44
Q

Adduction

A

Move toward. Medial movement of a body part toward the midline.

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45
Q

Circumduction

A

Movements in which proximal end of appendage remains stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion

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46
Q

Rotation

A

Pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis

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47
Q

Pronation

A

Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.

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48
Q

Supination

A

Outward roll of the foot during normal motion

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49
Q

Depression

A

Inferior movement of a part of the body. Movement mandible makes while opening mouth to chew.

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50
Q

Elevation

A

Superior movement of a body part. Movement the mandible makes when closing its mouth

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51
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

When the ankle joint is bent such that the superior surface of the foot and toes move toward the leg

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52
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Movement of the foot that point the toes inferiorly. (When a ballerina is in her toes, her ankle joint is in full plantar flexion.)

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53
Q

Inversion

A

Soles of the foot turn medially

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54
Q

Eversion

A

Sole of the foot turns to face laterally

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55
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement of a body part from anatomical position

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56
Q

Retraction

A

Posteriorly directed movement of a body part from the anatomical position

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57
Q

Opposition

A

Enables the hand to grasp objects

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58
Q

Reposition

A

Thumb moves away from the Palmer tips of the fingers

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59
Q

Lymph

A

Interstitial fluid inside lymph vessels

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60
Q

Where does lymph come from

A

Originates as interstitial fluid surrounding tissue cells

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61
Q

What’s in lymph

A

Water, dissolved solutes (ions), small amounts of protein m, and foreign material; cell debris, pathogens, and sometimes metastasized cancer cells

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62
Q

How much lymph do we make daily

A

3 liters

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63
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Microscopic closed ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid; the smallest lymph vessels.

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64
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries located

A

I’m areolar CT among blood capillary networks

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65
Q

How does interstitial fluid enter lymphatic capillaries?

A

Through absorption

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66
Q

What prevents interstitial fluid from leaving lymphatic capillaries?

A

One way overlapping endothelial cells that open but do not close.

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67
Q

What do we call interstitial fluid once it enters a lymphatic capillary?

A

Lymph

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68
Q

Lacteal

A

Lymphatic capillaries located within the GI tract that allow absorption of lipid soluble substances from the GI tract

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69
Q

Lymphatic vessel

A

Thin walled vessels that carry lymph

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70
Q

How is lymph moved through a lymphatic vessel

A

Contraction of nearby skeletal muscles and respiratory pump in the torso, pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries, rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle

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71
Q

What’s the purpose of valves in the lymphatic vessel?

A

Prevent pooling in the vessel & lymph backflow

72
Q

Lymphatic trunk

A

Located on both right and left side of the body and removes lymph from specific major body regions

73
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Near right clavicle, drains lymph from upper right quadrant- trunks on right side of head/neck, right upper limb, right side of thorax

74
Q

Thoracic duct

A

The larger one/ extends from diaphragm to left subclavian and jugular veins. Receives lymph from left side of neck/left upper limb/ abdomen

75
Q

What lymphatic structures work with the cardiovascular system

A

Lymphatic trunks and ducts, lymphatic vessels, lacteals, lymphatic capillaries, spleen:red pulp

76
Q

What lymphatic structure works with the immune system

A

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen: white pulp, tonsils, lymph nodules, MALT

77
Q

Primary lymphatic structure

A

Involved in the formation and maturation of lymphocytes- Red bone marrow and Thymus

78
Q

Secondary lymphatic structure

A

Involved in lymphocyte formation; serve to house both lymphocytes and other immune cells- lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT

79
Q

Function of red bone marrow

A

Responsible for hemopoiesis

80
Q

Thymus

A

Produces t-cells for immune system

81
Q

Structure of the thymus

A

Bilobed organ that is located in the superior mediastinum

82
Q

What happens to the thymus as we age

A

Regresses and the thymus tissue is replaced with adipose tissue

83
Q

What’s in the cortex of the thymus

A

Immature T-lymphocytes

84
Q

What’s in the medulla of the cortex

A

Mature T-lymphocytes

85
Q

Structure of a lymph node d d

A

Small, round or oval encapsulated strictest located along pathways of lymph vessels where they serve as the main lymphatic organ.

86
Q

Function of a lymph node

A

Filters lymph and removes unwanted substances

87
Q

What kind of cells are in the germinal center

A

Proliferating B-lymphocytes and macrophages

88
Q

What kind of cells are in the mantle zone

A

T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic Cells

89
Q

Sentinel lymph node

A

First lymph node or group of nodes draining cancer

90
Q

Sentinel node biopsy

A

Surgical procedure used to determine whether cancer has spread beyond a tumor into your lymphatic system

91
Q

Metastasis

A

A pathogenic agent spread from an initial site to a different site within the hosts body; typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor

92
Q

Where do cervical lymph nodes receive lymph from?

A

Head and neck

93
Q

Where do axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from?

A

Breast, axilla, and upper limb

94
Q

Where do inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from?

A

Lower limbs and pelvis

95
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant neoplasms that developed within lymphatic structure

96
Q

2 types of lymphoma

A

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin

97
Q

What causes lymphoma

A

Abnormal B-lymphocytes and less commonly from abnormal T-lymphocytes

98
Q

Structure of the spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ, deep red organ about 12 cm long/7 cm long, convex and rounded

99
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

Filters blood, phagocytosis of bacteria/foreign materials in the blood (red/white pulp), phagocytosis of old/defective erythrocytes and platelets from circulating blood(red pulp), acts as a blood reservoir and storage site for red pulp

100
Q

Cells found in red pulp

A

Splenic tissue that contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes

101
Q

Cells found in white pulp

A

Spherical clusters of t-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages

102
Q

Tonsils

A

Secondary lymphatic structures that are not completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule found in the pharynx and oral cavity

103
Q

Function of the tonsils

A

Help protect against foreign substances that may be inhaled or ingested

104
Q

3 types of tonsils in humans

A

Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

105
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue found lamina propria of mucosa if the GI, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

106
Q

Function of MALT

A

Defends against foreign substances that come in contact with mucosal membranes

107
Q

What is MALT called in the small intestines

A

Peyer Patches

108
Q

Lymphedema

A

Swelling in one arm or leg caused by a lymphatic blockage

109
Q

Cause of lymphedema

A

Lymphatic system blockage or damage to lymph node as part of cancer treatment

110
Q

Splenectomy

A

Surgical removal of the spleen

111
Q

Reasons for a splenectomy

A

Splenic infection, cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, sickle cell anemia, most commonly ruptured spleens from injury

112
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Permanent enlargement of tonsils

113
Q

Tonsillectomy

A

Surgical removal of tonsils

114
Q

Reason for Tonsillectomy

A

Consistent or recurrent infections

115
Q

What is an infectious agent/pathogen

A

Organisms that can cause damage or possible death to the host they invade

116
Q

5 types of infectious agents/pathogens

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, multicellular parasites

117
Q

Bacteria

A

Microscopic single cell organisms that are enclosed by a plasma membrane and a cell wall

118
Q

Viruses

A

Composed of DNA and RNA within a protein capsid or shell

119
Q

Fungi

A

Mold/yeast. Eukaryotic Cells that have a cell wall external to the plasma membrane

120
Q

Protozoans

A

Malaria/trichomoniasis. Eukaryotic Cells with no cell wall

121
Q

Multicellular parasites

A

Parasite worms/tape worms. Non microscopic organisms that reside within a host form which they take nourishment

122
Q

Points of entry for pathogens

A

Eyes, mouth, nose, urogenital openings, open wounds or bites, skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, GI tract, urogenital tract, and secretions.

123
Q

How do pathogens move through the body

A

Direct contact with infected skin, mucous membranes or body fluids

124
Q

Leukocytes

A

Colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and counteracts foreign substances and disease; a white blood cell.

125
Q

Where are Leukocytes formed

A

Red Bone Marrow

126
Q

Where do we find immune cells

A

Circulating in blood, lymphatic tissue, select organs,epithelial tissue, connective tissue and mucosal membranes

127
Q

Cytokine

A

Small soluble proteins that regulate immune system activity

128
Q

Autocrine

A

Cells secrete hormone that leads to changes in the cell

129
Q

Paracrine

A

Relating to a hormone which has an effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it

130
Q

Endocrine

A

Glands that decree hormones or other products directly into the blood

131
Q

4 classes of cytokines

A

Interleukin (IL), Tumor necrosis factor(TNF), Colony stimulating factor (CSF), and interferon (IFN)

132
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Delayed response to specific antigens

133
Q

Innate immune system

A

Immediate response to wide array of substances

134
Q

What makes up the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic Cells, basophils, Nats Cells, NK Cells, and eosinophils

135
Q

First line innate immunity

A

Skin and mucosal membranes

136
Q

Second line innate immunity

A

The internal processes of innate immunity

137
Q

How does skin prevent entry of pathogens

A

Provides a physical barrier that very few microbes can penetrate as long as it’s in tact

138
Q

How do mucosal membranes prevent entry of pathogens

A

Produce mucin that when hydrated form mucus and also release lysozyme, defenses, and immunoglobulin

139
Q

Neutrophil

A

Cells that phagocytize bacteria/ most common

140
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocytes Cells that can activate immune system and derived from monocytes

141
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Phagocytes Cells of the skin and mucous membranes

142
Q

Basophil

A

Least common of white blood cells, release pro inflammatory agents

143
Q

Mast cell

A

Resident cells that secrete heparin and histamine during inflammation

144
Q

Natural killer cell

A

Destroy unwanted cells: Virus infected, bacteria infected, tumor cells

145
Q

Eosinophil

A

White blood cells that kill parasitic worms phagocytize antibody antigen complexes

146
Q

Interferon

A

Category of cytokines that include IFN-cx and IFN-b produces by T cells and nk cells

147
Q

Complement system

A

Most important antimicrobial groups of substances in innate immunity. 30 plasma proteins and make up 10% of blood serum proteins

148
Q

Defense mechanism of competent system

A

Opsonization, inflammation, Cytolysis, membrane attack complex, elimination of immune complexes

149
Q

Opsonization

A

Binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria or other cell type that enhances phagocytosis

150
Q

Inflammation

A

Immediate, local, no specific uevent. That occurs in vascularized tissue against a great variety of injury causing stimuli

151
Q

Cytolysis

A

Dissolution or disruption of cells by and external agent

152
Q

Steps of inflammation

A

Release of various chemicals, vascular changes, recruitment of leukocytes, delivery of plasma proteins

153
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

154
Q

Pyrogen

A

Fever inducing molecules

155
Q

How does a higher temperature aid in defense?

A

Through stadium. Period of time where the elevated temp is maintained. Metabolic rate increases to promote processes to eliminate harmful substances. Liver and spleen make zink and iron

156
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that binds to a component of adaptive immunity usually a protein or polysaccharide

157
Q

Where are lymphocytes formed

A

Red Bone Marrow

158
Q

Where do T-Cells mature

A

The Thymus

159
Q

Immunocompetent

A

Ability if immune cells to recognize and bind to an antigen

160
Q

2 proteins t-Cells originally have

A

CD4 and CD8

161
Q

Positive selection

A

TCR successfully binds to MHC complexes

162
Q

Negative selection

A

Must not bind to any self antigen

163
Q

Clonal selection

A

Forming a clone in response to a specific antigen

164
Q

Antigen challenge

A

First encounter between an antigen and lymphocyte

165
Q

What do B-Cells differentiate into

A

Plasma cells and memory b-lymphocytes

166
Q

What do plasma cells do

A

Produce antibodies

167
Q

B cells

A

Release antibodies from a distance

168
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Target specific antigens and tag them for for immune cells to destroy them

169
Q

5 classes of immunoglobulin

A

IgG, IGM, IgA, IgD, IgE

170
Q

IgG

A

Makes up 75 to 85% of antibody in the blood and is the predominant antibody in the lymph, spinal fluid, serous and peritoneal fluid

171
Q

IgM

A

Responsible for rejection of mismatched blood transfusion composed of 5 monomers

172
Q

IgA

A

Found in mucosal membranes and tonsils- produces in saliva/mucus/breast milk/tears

173
Q

IgD

A

Functions as antigen B-lymphocyte receptor and helps identify when b-lymphocytes are ready to participate in adaptive immunity

174
Q

IgE

A

Formed in response to allergic reactions. Releases histamine and other mediators in inflammation

175
Q

Vaccination

A

An attenuated/weak or dead microorganism that is administered through one of several routes: oral, intradermal, IV, intraperitineal, or intranasal

176
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus that targets the immune system

177
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that is a life-threatening condition that is a result of HIV

Human A&P 1 Practical (10 decks)

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