Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Joint/Articulation
A
Place of contact between bone and cartilage or bone and teeth
2
Q
Where do joints exists?
A
Anywhere bones come together
3
Q
Fibrous Joint
A
No joint cavity, occurs where bones are held together by dense regular CT
4
Q
3 types of fibrous joints
A
Tooth to jaw, lambdoid suture, between radius and ulna, between tibia and fibula
5
Q
Cartilaginous joint
A
No cavity and occurs where bone are joined by cartilage
6
Q
2 types of cartilaginous joints
A
Epiphyseal plates, intervertebral disc articulations
7
Q
Synovial joint
A
Fluid filled Joint cavity that separates articulating surface of bones formed by ligaments
8
Q
6 types of synovial joints
A
Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle joint
9
Q
Synarthrosis
A
Immobile joint
10
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
Slightly mobile joint
11
Q
Diarthrosis
A
Freely mobile joint
12
Q
Suture
A
Synarthrosis/Immobile fibrous joints found between certain bones of the skull
13
Q
Function of a suture
A
Have interlocking irregular edges that increase strength and decrease numbers of fractures
14
Q
Syndemoses joint
A
Amphiarthrosis/slightly mobile fibrous joint where articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular CT
15
Q
Interosseous Membrane
A
Broad ligamentous sheet that provides a pivot where he radius/ulna or tibia/fibula can move against one another
16
Q
Gomphosis Joint
A
Synarthrosis/immobile “Peg in socket joint” root of the tooth is the peg and the mandible and maxilla are the socket it goes into
17
Q
Synchondrosis
A
Articulation where bones are joined by Hyaline cartilage
18
Q
Example of a synchondrosis articulation
A
Costochondral joints between the first rib and the sternum that are synarthrosis/immobile
19
Q
Symphyses
A
Pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bone that resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as shock absorber
20
Q
Example of symphesis
A
Pubic symphesis; amphiarthrosis/slightly mobile
21
Q
Distinct features of synovial joint
A
Freely mobile articulations. Composed of a double layer capsule called articulating capsule . Outer layer is fibrous layer. Inner layer is synovial membrane.
22
Q
Articular capsule
A
Envelope surrounding synovial joint
23
Q
What are the two layers of the Articular Capsule?
A
Fibrous layer & synovial membrane
24
Q
3 purposes of synovial fluid
A
Lubricate articular cartilage, nourish the chondrocytes, acts as shock absorber
25
Joint cavity
Space that permits separation of articulating bones
26
Bursa
Fibrous saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and lined internally by synovial membranes
27
Tendon sheaths
An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon where there is excessive friction
28
Fat pads
Found along synovial joints and act as a packing material and provide protection to the joint
29
Plane joint
Simplest synovial articulation and least mobile type of diarthrosis. Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
30
Hinge joint
Formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis or flex/extend in one direction. Ankle, elbow, knee joints.
31
Pivot joint
Uniaxial joint where one articulating bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone.
32
Condylar joint
Bisexual joints with oval/convex surface. Can move in two axes: front/back, side/side. Joints of the fingers AKA knuckles
33
Saddle joint
Resembles a saddle, biaxial joint that allows a greater range of movement- joints of the thumb that allow grasping are saddle joints.
34
Ball & Socket joint
Multiaxial Joints where the spherical head fits into a rounded socket of the second bone. Hip and shoulder joints. Moves in 3 directions
35
Bursitis
Inflammation of fluid filled pads (bursae) that acts as joints cushions. Found in shoulder, hip and elbow
36
Tendonitis
Tissue connecting muscle to bone becomes inflamed. Tennis elbow
37
Arthritis
Inflammatory or degenerative disease of the joints. Swelling of the joint, pain, and stiffness.
38
Angular motion
Either increases or decreases the angle between bones
39
Flexion
Movement in an interior-posterior plane of the body that decreases angle between bones (bending finger towards palm to make fist)
40
Extension
Movement is anterior-posterior that increases angle between articulating bones. Straightening out clenched fingers.
41
Lateral flexion
Occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal place laterally away from the body
42
Hyperextension
When a joint is extended more than 180 degrees
43
Abduction
Means to move away and is lateral movement of a body part away from the midline
44
Adduction
Move toward. Medial movement of a body part toward the midline.
45
Circumduction
Movements in which proximal end of appendage remains stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion
46
Rotation
Pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis
47
Pronation
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.
48
Supination
Outward roll of the foot during normal motion
49
Depression
Inferior movement of a part of the body. Movement mandible makes while opening mouth to chew.
50
Elevation
Superior movement of a body part. Movement the mandible makes when closing its mouth
51
Dorsiflexion
When the ankle joint is bent such that the superior surface of the foot and toes move toward the leg
52
Plantar flexion
Movement of the foot that point the toes inferiorly. (When a ballerina is in her toes, her ankle joint is in full plantar flexion.)
53
Inversion
Soles of the foot turn medially
54
Eversion
Sole of the foot turns to face laterally
55
Protraction
Anterior movement of a body part from anatomical position
56
Retraction
Posteriorly directed movement of a body part from the anatomical position
57
Opposition
Enables the hand to grasp objects
58
Reposition
Thumb moves away from the Palmer tips of the fingers
59
Lymph
Interstitial fluid inside lymph vessels
60
Where does lymph come from
Originates as interstitial fluid surrounding tissue cells
61
What’s in lymph
Water, dissolved solutes (ions), small amounts of protein m, and foreign material; cell debris, pathogens, and sometimes metastasized cancer cells
62
How much lymph do we make daily
3 liters
63
Lymphatic capillaries
Microscopic closed ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid; the smallest lymph vessels.
64
Where are lymphatic capillaries located
I’m areolar CT among blood capillary networks
65
How does interstitial fluid enter lymphatic capillaries?
Through absorption
66
What prevents interstitial fluid from leaving lymphatic capillaries?
One way overlapping endothelial cells that open but do not close.
67
What do we call interstitial fluid once it enters a lymphatic capillary?
Lymph
68
Lacteal
Lymphatic capillaries located within the GI tract that allow absorption of lipid soluble substances from the GI tract
69
Lymphatic vessel
Thin walled vessels that carry lymph
70
How is lymph moved through a lymphatic vessel
Contraction of nearby skeletal muscles and respiratory pump in the torso, pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries, rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
71
What’s the purpose of valves in the lymphatic vessel?
Prevent pooling in the vessel & lymph backflow
72
Lymphatic trunk
Located on both right and left side of the body and removes lymph from specific major body regions
73
Right lymphatic duct
Near right clavicle, drains lymph from upper right quadrant- trunks on right side of head/neck, right upper limb, right side of thorax
74
Thoracic duct
The larger one/ extends from diaphragm to left subclavian and jugular veins. Receives lymph from left side of neck/left upper limb/ abdomen
75
What lymphatic structures work with the cardiovascular system
Lymphatic trunks and ducts, lymphatic vessels, lacteals, lymphatic capillaries, spleen:red pulp
76
What lymphatic structure works with the immune system
Red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen: white pulp, tonsils, lymph nodules, MALT
77
Primary lymphatic structure
Involved in the formation and maturation of lymphocytes- Red bone marrow and Thymus
78
Secondary lymphatic structure
Involved in lymphocyte formation; serve to house both lymphocytes and other immune cells- lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules and MALT
79
Function of red bone marrow
Responsible for hemopoiesis
80
Thymus
Produces t-cells for immune system
81
Structure of the thymus
Bilobed organ that is located in the superior mediastinum
82
What happens to the thymus as we age
Regresses and the thymus tissue is replaced with adipose tissue
83
What’s in the cortex of the thymus
Immature T-lymphocytes
84
What’s in the medulla of the cortex
Mature T-lymphocytes
85
Structure of a lymph node d d
Small, round or oval encapsulated strictest located along pathways of lymph vessels where they serve as the main lymphatic organ.
86
Function of a lymph node
Filters lymph and removes unwanted substances
87
What kind of cells are in the germinal center
Proliferating B-lymphocytes and macrophages
88
What kind of cells are in the mantle zone
T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic Cells
89
Sentinel lymph node
First lymph node or group of nodes draining cancer
90
Sentinel node biopsy
Surgical procedure used to determine whether cancer has spread beyond a tumor into your lymphatic system
91
Metastasis
A pathogenic agent spread from an initial site to a different site within the hosts body; typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor
92
Where do cervical lymph nodes receive lymph from?
Head and neck
93
Where do axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from?
Breast, axilla, and upper limb
94
Where do inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from?
Lower limbs and pelvis
95
Lymphoma
Malignant neoplasms that developed within lymphatic structure
96
2 types of lymphoma
Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin
97
What causes lymphoma
Abnormal B-lymphocytes and less commonly from abnormal T-lymphocytes
98
Structure of the spleen
Largest lymphatic organ, deep red organ about 12 cm long/7 cm long, convex and rounded
99
Functions of the spleen
Filters blood, phagocytosis of bacteria/foreign materials in the blood (red/white pulp), phagocytosis of old/defective erythrocytes and platelets from circulating blood(red pulp), acts as a blood reservoir and storage site for red pulp
100
Cells found in red pulp
Splenic tissue that contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes
101
Cells found in white pulp
Spherical clusters of t-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages
102
Tonsils
Secondary lymphatic structures that are not completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule found in the pharynx and oral cavity
103
Function of the tonsils
Help protect against foreign substances that may be inhaled or ingested
104
3 types of tonsils in humans
Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
105
MALT
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue found lamina propria of mucosa if the GI, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
106
Function of MALT
Defends against foreign substances that come in contact with mucosal membranes
107
What is MALT called in the small intestines
Peyer Patches
108
Lymphedema
Swelling in one arm or leg caused by a lymphatic blockage
109
Cause of lymphedema
Lymphatic system blockage or damage to lymph node as part of cancer treatment
110
Splenectomy
Surgical removal of the spleen
111
Reasons for a splenectomy
Splenic infection, cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, sickle cell anemia, most commonly ruptured spleens from injury
112
Tonsillitis
Permanent enlargement of tonsils
113
Tonsillectomy
Surgical removal of tonsils
114
Reason for Tonsillectomy
Consistent or recurrent infections
115
What is an infectious agent/pathogen
Organisms that can cause damage or possible death to the host they invade
116
5 types of infectious agents/pathogens
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, multicellular parasites
117
Bacteria
Microscopic single cell organisms that are enclosed by a plasma membrane and a cell wall
118
Viruses
Composed of DNA and RNA within a protein capsid or shell
119
Fungi
Mold/yeast. Eukaryotic Cells that have a cell wall external to the plasma membrane
120
Protozoans
Malaria/trichomoniasis. Eukaryotic Cells with no cell wall
121
Multicellular parasites
Parasite worms/tape worms. Non microscopic organisms that reside within a host form which they take nourishment
122
Points of entry for pathogens
Eyes, mouth, nose, urogenital openings, open wounds or bites, skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, GI tract, urogenital tract, and secretions.
123
How do pathogens move through the body
Direct contact with infected skin, mucous membranes or body fluids
124
Leukocytes
Colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and counteracts foreign substances and disease; a white blood cell.
125
Where are Leukocytes formed
Red Bone Marrow
126
Where do we find immune cells
Circulating in blood, lymphatic tissue, select organs,epithelial tissue, connective tissue and mucosal membranes
127
Cytokine
Small soluble proteins that regulate immune system activity
128
Autocrine
Cells secrete hormone that leads to changes in the cell
129
Paracrine
Relating to a hormone which has an effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it
130
Endocrine
Glands that decree hormones or other products directly into the blood
131
4 classes of cytokines
Interleukin (IL), Tumor necrosis factor(TNF), Colony stimulating factor (CSF), and interferon (IFN)
132
Adaptive immune system
Delayed response to specific antigens
133
Innate immune system
Immediate response to wide array of substances
134
What makes up the innate immune system?
Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic Cells, basophils, Nats Cells, NK Cells, and eosinophils
135
First line innate immunity
Skin and mucosal membranes
136
Second line innate immunity
The internal processes of innate immunity
137
How does skin prevent entry of pathogens
Provides a physical barrier that very few microbes can penetrate as long as it’s in tact
138
How do mucosal membranes prevent entry of pathogens
Produce mucin that when hydrated form mucus and also release lysozyme, defenses, and immunoglobulin
139
Neutrophil
Cells that phagocytize bacteria/ most common
140
Macrophage
Phagocytes Cells that can activate immune system and derived from monocytes
141
Dendritic Cells
Phagocytes Cells of the skin and mucous membranes
142
Basophil
Least common of white blood cells, release pro inflammatory agents
143
Mast cell
Resident cells that secrete heparin and histamine during inflammation
144
Natural killer cell
Destroy unwanted cells: Virus infected, bacteria infected, tumor cells
145
Eosinophil
White blood cells that kill parasitic worms phagocytize antibody antigen complexes
146
Interferon
Category of cytokines that include IFN-cx and IFN-b produces by T cells and nk cells
147
Complement system
Most important antimicrobial groups of substances in innate immunity. 30 plasma proteins and make up 10% of blood serum proteins
148
Defense mechanism of competent system
Opsonization, inflammation, Cytolysis, membrane attack complex, elimination of immune complexes
149
Opsonization
Binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria or other cell type that enhances phagocytosis
150
Inflammation
Immediate, local, no specific uevent. That occurs in vascularized tissue against a great variety of injury causing stimuli
151
Cytolysis
Dissolution or disruption of cells by and external agent
152
Steps of inflammation
Release of various chemicals, vascular changes, recruitment of leukocytes, delivery of plasma proteins
153
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
154
Pyrogen
Fever inducing molecules
155
How does a higher temperature aid in defense?
Through stadium. Period of time where the elevated temp is maintained. Metabolic rate increases to promote processes to eliminate harmful substances. Liver and spleen make zink and iron
156
Antigen
Substance that binds to a component of adaptive immunity usually a protein or polysaccharide
157
Where are lymphocytes formed
Red Bone Marrow
158
Where do T-Cells mature
The Thymus
159
Immunocompetent
Ability if immune cells to recognize and bind to an antigen
160
2 proteins t-Cells originally have
CD4 and CD8
161
Positive selection
TCR successfully binds to MHC complexes
162
Negative selection
Must not bind to any self antigen
163
Clonal selection
Forming a clone in response to a specific antigen
164
Antigen challenge
First encounter between an antigen and lymphocyte
165
What do B-Cells differentiate into
Plasma cells and memory b-lymphocytes
166
What do plasma cells do
Produce antibodies
167
B cells
Release antibodies from a distance
168
What do antibodies do?
Target specific antigens and tag them for for immune cells to destroy them
169
5 classes of immunoglobulin
IgG, IGM, IgA, IgD, IgE
170
IgG
Makes up 75 to 85% of antibody in the blood and is the predominant antibody in the lymph, spinal fluid, serous and peritoneal fluid
171
IgM
Responsible for rejection of mismatched blood transfusion composed of 5 monomers
172
IgA
Found in mucosal membranes and tonsils- produces in saliva/mucus/breast milk/tears
173
IgD
Functions as antigen B-lymphocyte receptor and helps identify when b-lymphocytes are ready to participate in adaptive immunity
174
IgE
Formed in response to allergic reactions. Releases histamine and other mediators in inflammation
175
Vaccination
An attenuated/weak or dead microorganism that is administered through one of several routes: oral, intradermal, IV, intraperitineal, or intranasal
176
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus that targets the immune system
177
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that is a life-threatening condition that is a result of HIV
