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human disease > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

def of disease

A

disturbance of body structure or funktion

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2
Q

organic disease

A

structural changes

gross and histologic examination

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3
Q

funktional disease

A

no structural change

funktions are disturbed

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4
Q

pathology

A

study of disease

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5
Q

etiology

A

cause of disease

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6
Q

signs

A 
objective manifestations (measurable)
swelling or fever
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7
Q

symptoms

A

subjective manifestations

pain or weakness

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8
Q

idiopathic

A

unknown cause

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9
Q

iatrogenic

A

caused by prescribed treatment

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10
Q

nosocomial

A

aquired from a hospital

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11
Q

classifications of diseases

A 
congenital and hereditary
inflammatory
degenerative
metabolic
neoplastic
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12
Q

congenital and hereditary disease

A

result of development disturbances

genetic abnormalities, chromosome

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13
Q

inflammatory disease

A

body reacts to injury through inflammatory process

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14
Q

degenerative disease

A

tissue or organ degeneration as result of aging or breakdown

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15
Q

metabolic disease

A

disturbance in metabolic process in body

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16
Q

neoplastic disease

A

uncontrolled cell growth that leads to formation of tumors

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17
Q

diagnosis

A

identifying a disease and its course
clinical history
physical exam
differential diagnosis

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18
Q

prognosis

A

outcome of disease

specific or symptomatic treatment

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19
Q

components of physical exam

A

observation
auscultation
palpation

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20
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA and RNA

directs metabolic funktion of cells

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21
Q

mitochondria

A

power house of the cell

use nutrients to make ATP

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22
Q

epithelium

A

covers outside of body
lines body cavities, glands
protection, absorption, secretion

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23
Q

connective tissue

A

contain protein fibers, flexible

elasticity, stretch and recoil

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24
Q

muscle tissue

A

contraction

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25
Q

nervous tissue

A

transmit nerve impulses-communication

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26
Q

atrophy

A

reduction in cell size in response to diminshed funktion, hormonal stimulation, reduced blood supply

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27
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase cell size

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28
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells in response to demand

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29
Q

metaplasia

A

change from one type of cell to another

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30
Q

dysplasia

A

cell development and maturation are disturbed and abnormal

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31
Q

mitosis

A

somatic cells

2 genetically identical daughter cells

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32
Q

meiosis

A

egg and sperm

gentically different

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33
Q

dominant gene

A

homozygous or heterozygous state

BB or Bb

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34
Q

recessive gene

A

homozygous state

bb

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35
Q

signs of inflammation

A

heat
redness
swelling
pain

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36
Q

humoral immunity

A

production of antibodies

main defense against bacteria and bacterial toxins

37
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

formation of lymphocytes that attack and destroy foreign material
main defense against viruses, fungi, parasites
rejects transplanted organs
eliminated abnormal cells

38
Q

pathogenesis of autoimmune disease

A

alteration of patients own self antigens causing them to become antigenic = immune reaction

formation of cross reacting antibodies against foreign antigens

defective regulation of immune response

39
Q

pathogenic microorganisms

A 
bacteria
rickettsiae
mycoplasma
viruses
fungi
40
Q

bacteria

A 
shape and arrangement
gram stain
biochemical and growth characteristics
antigenic structure
streptococci and staphococci
treat with antibiotics
41
Q

rickettsiae

A

obligate intracellular parasites
insects transmitted to human via bite
rocky mountain spotted fever

42
Q

virus

A 
smallest infectious agents
capsid with DNA or RNA
attachment to cells
relies on host
inclusion bodies
chicken pox and shingles
43
Q

mycoplasma

A

free living bacteria
no cell wall
not responsive to antibiotics
atypical pneumonia

44
Q

fungi

A

yeasts and molds
forms hyphae
athletes foot

45
Q

def of communicable disease

A

disease transmitted from person to person

46
Q

methods of transmission of communicable disease

A

direct-physical contact or cough or sneeze

indirect-contaminated food or water, insects

47
Q

effective control of communicable diseases

A

must break transmission to eradicate or control disease
immunization
identify, isolation, treatment

48
Q

factors in congenital malformations

A

chromosomal abnormalities
abnormalities of individual genes
intrauterine injury to embryo or fetus
environmental factors

49
Q

diseases of chromosomal abnormalities

A 
nondisjunction
trisomy 21
monosomy
deletions
translocations
50
Q

benign

A

slow growth rate
expansion
tumor remains localized
well differentiated-normal appearance

51
Q

malignant

A

rapid growth rate
metastasis
infilteration
poorly differentiated

52
Q

treatment for cancer

A 
surgery
radiotherapy
hormones
anticancer drugs
adjuvant chemo
immunotherapy
53
Q

hemophilia

A

sex linked genetic blood coagulation disease

54
Q

atria

A

recieve blood

55
Q

ventricles

A

pump out blood

56
Q

coronary heart disease

A

arteriosclerosis of arteries
arteries narrow due to fatty materials
form crystals and necrosis- mushy yellow

57
Q

risk factors of coronary heart disease

A

elevated blood lipids
high blood pressure
smoking
diabetes

58
Q

funktion of respiratory system

A

oxygenates blood and removed co2

supply cells with 02

59
Q

site of gas exchange in lungs

60
Q

diseases of COPD

A

pulmonary emphysema

chronic bronchitis

61
Q

2 main female sex hormones

A

estrogen progesterone

62
Q

female reproductive diseases

A 
cervicitis
PID
salpingitis
condylomas
endometriosis
63
Q

biggest concern of female reproductive diseases

A

PID and sterility

64
Q

PID

A

inflammation of fallopian tubes and ovaries

65
Q

funktional unit of kidney

66
Q

urinary disease associated with

A

inadequate blood filteration

67
Q

kidney funktions

A

excrete wastes
regulate mineral and water balance
produce erythropoietin and renin

68
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli by antigen-antibody reaction

beta

69
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

marked loss of proteins in urine

70
Q

cystitis

A

affects only bladder

71
Q

produce sperm

72
Q

funktions of liver

A

metabolism
synthesis
storage
detoxification

73
Q

funktion of gastrointestinal tract

A

digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into bloodstream

74
Q

major endocrine glands

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal cortex and medulla
pancreatic islets
ovaries and testes
75
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

toxic goiter or graves disease

mimics effects of TSH but not subject to normal control mechanism

76
Q

hypothyroidism

A

adult: myxedema-metabolic slowing
infant: cretinism-impaired growth and nervous system-low metabolism

77
Q

3 mechanisms of hormone secretion

A

blood level of hormone
nervous system
other hormones

78
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

inadequate insulin secretion by pancreas
damage pancreatic islets
autoantibodies

79
Q

components of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

80
Q

frontal lobe funktions

A

mood, personality, voluntary movement

81
Q

parietal lobe funktions

A

general sensory reception

82
Q

temporal lobe funktions

83
Q

occipital lobe funktions

84
Q

spongy bone

A

thin columns of bone- trabeculae
large spaces between trabeculae filled with red bone marrow
site of blood cell formation

85
Q

compact bone

A

repeating circular units called osteons

no spaces

86
Q

long bone structures

A

shaft
ends
epiphyseal plate or line
periosteum

87
Q

funktion of skeletal muscle

A

myofilaments slide together

nerve stimulation

88
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles
muscles unable to store protein and replaced with fat and connective tissue
sex linked recessive

human disease (5 decks)

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