exam 3 Flashcards
endocrine system
glands or organs that secrete hormones into bloodstream
hormones only affect
target tissues
target tissues
tissue cells that contain specific receptors
majory endorcrine glands
pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal cortex and medulla panreatic islets ovaries testes
ways to regulate hormone secretion
blood level of hormone
nervous system
other hormones
anterior pituitary
produces and secretes hormones
posterior pituitary
stores and secretes 2 hormones produced by hypothalamus
tropoc hormones
regulate activity of other endocrine glands
secreted by anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary hormones
human growth hormone prolactin tsh acth fsg lh
posterior pituitary hormones
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
growth hormone deficiency
pituiary dwarfism
retarded growth and deveopment
growth hormone overproduction
pituitary adenoma
gigantism in kids
acromegaly in adults
prolactin overproduction
milk secretion from non preggo women or male breasts
diabetes insipidus
failure of posterior love to secrete adh or failure of kidney to respond to adh
unable to absorb water
causes excretion of large amounts of dilited urine
pituitary gland tumors
funktional
nonfunktional
funktional tumor
produce hormones that cause clinical manifeststions
nonfunktional tumors
do not produce hormones
treatment of pituitary gland tumors
type, size, hormone
tumor suppressor drugs
surgery
thyroid gland
two lobes connected via isthmus
thyroid follicles that produce and store hormones
hormone regulation regulated by tsh from anterior
actions of thyroid gland
controls metabolism
regulate body temp
normal growth and develoment
nontoxic goiter
no hormones
thyroid enlarges to increase hormone secretion
causes of nontoxic goiter
inadequate hormone output
iodine defieciency
enzyme deficiency
hyperthyroidism
toxic goiter or graves disease
antithyroid antibody that stimulates gland
mimics affects of tsh but not subject to normal control mechanisms
hypothyroidism
myxedema in adults
metabolic slowing
cretinism in kids
impaired growth and nervous system development
low metabolism
hashimotos disease
autoantibody destroys thyroid tissue
results in hypothyroidsim
parathyroid glands
secrete pth to regulate blood calcium levels
pth secreted in response to low blood calcium
increase breakdown of bone
increase calcium absorption tbrough gi tract
decrease calcium exerction in urine
hyperparathyroidism
from tumor
excessive pth leads to increased calcium levels
decreased stimulation of skeletal muscles
hypoparathyroidism
accidental removal of parathyroid
hypocalcemia
neuromuscular excitability and tetany
adrenal glands
kidney secrete from cortex: glucocorticods- cortisol mineralocorticoids-aldosterone androgens- testosterone
secrete from medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
pheochromocytoma: funktional tumor
cardiovascular effectd cerebral hemorrage decreased blood flownto kidneys pale skin excessive sweating
addison disease
hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones
cortisol defieciency causes hypoglycemia
aldosterone deficiency causes low blood volume and low blood pressure
hyperpigmentation from increased acth
autoimmune
cushing disease
hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones
cortisol causes abnormal carb, fat, protein metabolism and hyperglucemia
aldosteron excess cause high blood volume and high blood pressure
testosterone causes exaggerated male sex characterisitcs
pancreas
2 types of hormone secreting crlls clustered together in pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans
alpha and beta
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
raise blood glucose
beta cells
secrete insulin
lower blood glucose
diabetes mellitus
very common
important metabolic disease
2 types
type 1 diabetes
insulin deficiency
kids and young adults
type 2 diabetes
inadequate response to insulin
more common
increased glucose levels
hyperglycemia
type 1 diabetes mellitus
damage from pancreatic islets
reduction or absence of insulin
follows viral infections
production of autoantibodies agianst islets cells
diabetic ketosis
type 2 diabetes mellitus
overweight or obese adults
insulin secretion is normal or increased
reduced response of tissue to insulin
complications of diabetes
increased susceptibility to infection
diabetic coma
ketoacidosis
arteriosclerosis
renal failure
neuropathy
ketone bodies
glucose absorbed normally but cannot enter cells without insulin
body turns fat as source of energy
ketone bodies produced
ketosis
accumulation of ketone bodies in blood amd excreted in urine
insulin
influences carb, protein, fat metabolism on liver cells, muscle, adipose
main stimuluse for insulin release
high glucose in blood
insulin promotes
entry of glucose into cells
utilization of glucose as source of energy
storahe of glucose as glycogen
conversion of glucose into trglucerides
storage of triglycerides in fat cells
entry lf amino acids into cells and stimulate protein syntheiss
hypoglycemia in diabetes
pancrease regulates glucose in blood by adjusting output of insulin
neurologic manifestations: lightheaded, dizzy, confusion
causes of hypoglycemia
self administration of insulin and not eating
islet cell tumor
treatment of diabetes
diet
type 1: requires insuline
type 2: weight reduction and diet
gonads
testes and ovaries
produce gametes
produce sex hormones
testosterone funktions
regulate sperm production
develope male sex organs
funktion of reproductive organs
regulate sex drive
stimulate protein synthesis
estrogen funktions
regualate ovary funktion
uterine blood supply
decrease blood cholesterol levels
stimulate protein synthesis
stress
any event that disturbs homeostasis
acute response to stress
fight or flight
chronic response to stress
alters metabolism
imcreass cv system
impairs inflammatoru and immune response
cns
brain
spinal cord
pns
crainial and spinal nerves
neurons
funktional cells
recieve input, process it, generate and conduct response
neurotransmitters
neruoglial cells
sensory or motor
sensory nerve
afferent
transmits impulses into spinal cord and brain
motor nerve
efferent nerve
transmits impulses out of brain amd spinal cord
meninges
cover brain and spinal cord
dura
arachnoid
pia
protect and support
contains csf
3 regions of brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
frontal lobe
mood
personality
volunatey movement
parietal lobe
general senseoy reception
temporal lobe
hearing
occipital lobe
vision
cerebellum
posture
balance
fine muscle coordination
eye relfexes
brainstem
breathing
heart rate
swallowing
vomiting
blood supplynto brain
large carotid arteries enter skulls
jugular veins drain blood
autonomic nervous system
controls funktions of bodys organs amd smooth and cardiac muscle
parasympathetic
rest and digest
sympathetic
fight or flight
development of nervous system
band of cells called neural playe plate folds amd forms neural tube closed in 4th week 3 buldges end narrow and form spinal cord
muscle paralysis
paralyzed- muscles no longer subject to voluntary control
flaccid paralysis
damage to motor neeves
low or no muscle tone
spastic paralysis
damage to neurons in brain
muslce retains innervatiin and increases muscle tone
hemorrage in meninges
bleeding into epidural space or subdural space
trauma or hemorrhagic strokes
epidural: more rapidly
subdural: slower
anencephaly
failure of normal developement of brain and cranial activity
spina bifidia
failure of vertebral column to close
hydrocephalus
congential
aquired
congential hydrocephalus
congential ovstruction of aqueduct or absence of opening in 4th ventricle
ventricles dialate due to increased csf
fontanelles enlarge
aquired hydrocephalus
obstruction of csf by tumor or adhesion blocking opening of 4th ventricle
ventricles dialate but doesnt enlaege
stroke
any injury to brain tissue from disturbance of blood supply to brain
cerebral thrombosis
most common
thrombosis
of cerebral srtery
cerebral embolus
blockage of cerebral artery by fragment of blood clot from aterioclerotic plaque or from heart
cerebral hemorrage
most serious
rupture of cerebral artery in person with hypertension
ischemic infarct
no blood leaks into brain
hemorrhagic infarct
blood leaks into damages brain tissue
carotid arteries
arteriosclerotic plaque may narrow lumen and reduce cerebral blood flow
anticoagulants
stop blood from clotting
transient ischemic attack
brief episodes of neuroligc dysfunktion
from embolizatiin of material from plaque in carotid artery
will gradually resolve
cerebral aneurysm
congential weakness in arterial walls that allow lining to protrude
rupture causes subarachnoid hemorrage
hypertension
arterosclerotic aneurysm
cerebral artery dilates and compresses adjacent tissue
epilepsy
chronic disease characrerized by episodes of abnormal electrical activirt in brain
convulsive seizure
petit mal seizure
absence of seizure
grand mal seizure
convulsizve seizure along with loss of consciousness, urinary control, tongue bitinf
status epileticus
life threatening event
state of continued seizure with no recovery of consciousness
meningitis
infection affecting meninges
bacterial
viral
fungal
encephalities
infection of brain tissue
meningoencephalitis
affects meninges amd brain tissue
arboviruses
responsivle for cases of meningitis and encephalitis
transmitted via mosquitoes
types of encephalitis
weat nile
creutzfeldt jakob disease
small protein particle produced as a result of gene mutation
mad cow disease
prion disease affecting cows
eating infected beef
alzheimer disease
progressive mental deterioriation
emotional disturbances
neurofibrillary tangles
neurotic plaques
multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disease
random demyelination
glial scarring
poor or absent nerve transmission
muscle weakness
parkinson disease
unknown cause
loss of neurons
rigidity of voluntary muscles
tremors of fingers
decreased dopamine
huntington disease
progressive hereditary dominant disease
abnormal genes
jerky and writhing movements
no way to stop progression
degenerative disease of motor neurons
upper and lower neurons
weakness
paralysis
respiratory problems
als
lou gehrigs
als
flaccid paralysis
respiratory problems
sensory neurons not lost
mental funktion not impaired
fatal
brain tumors
metastic
glioma: poor prognosis
spinal cord tumors
compress or invade spinal cord
multiple myeloma
peripheral neeve injury
traumatic injury
nerve entrapment neuropathy
surgical release
polyneuritis
sensory and motor dysfunktion glove and stocking distribution
treat underlying cause
spinal cord injury
injury to spinal cord itself
car accidents
cervical most prone to injury
bone
solid connectivr tissue
collagen fibers
crystallized calcium salts
spongy bone
trabeculae
filled with red bone marrow
blood cell formation
compact bone
repeating osteons
no spaces
diaphysis
shaft
compact bone
marrow cavity with yellow bone marrow
epiphysis
ends
spongy bone with red bone marow
epiphysial plate or line
growth plate becomes lime wjen done growing
periosteum
connectivr tissue around outside
osteoblastsw
build bone
osteocytes
mature bone cells
osteoclasts
breakdown bone
fibrous joint
immovable
cartilaginous joint
immovable or slightly movable
synovial joint
freely movable
intramembraneous
osteoblasts form bone withing conmective tidsue membrane
skull and mandible
endochondral
osteoblast form bone within cartilage model
all other bones
achondroplasia
faulty endochondral bone formation
impaired growth of extremities and skull
dwarfism w short limbs
osteogenesis imperfecta
thin and delicate bones easily broken
malformation of phalanges
extra or fused digits
congenital clubfoot
manipulation and casts
multifactorial injeritance
congenital dislocation of hio
common in females
displaced out of socket
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic disease affecting ct especially joints
inflammation and thickening of synovial membrane
autoimmune
autoanitbody in blood and synovial membrane
instability of joints
osteoarthritis
not systemic
wear and tear
degeneration
aging
gout
disorder of purine metabolism
uric acid crystal in joint fluid
big toe
simple fracture
bone broken in 2 places
comminuted fracture
bone shattered
compound fracture
overlying skin is broken eith potential for infection
pathologic infection
fracture through diseased area in bone
osteomyelitis
infection lf bone amd adjacent marrow cabity as result of bacteria
demineralize bone bc of bacteria
fever, local pain, tenderness
tumors of bone
usually metastic tumors from prostate, breasts, organs
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of cartilage
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of bone forming cells
osteoporosis
generalized thinning amd demineralization of entire skeletal system
postmenopausal women
loss of estrogen
avascular necrosis
inference in blood supply to epiphysis of bones
results in necrosis and degeneration at ends of bones
local pain and disability
spine
series of vertebrae joined by disks and fibrous ligaments
curved
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of spine
asymmetry in trunk and pelvis
skeletal muscle
myofilaments slide together
myoneural junktion: communication between nerve muscle
nerve stimulation releases AcH
normal structure and funktionsl integrity depends on w
intact nerve supply
normal transmission of impulses across myoneural junktion
normal metabolic processes within muscle cellt
myositis
muscle inflammation
localized: from injury or overexertion
generalized: systemic disease
progressive muscular atrophy
secondary to motor nerve degeneration with secondary muscle atrophy
muscular dystrophy
group of diseases characterized by progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles
muscles unable to store protein
muscle fibers die amd replace with fat amd ct
sex linked recessive
myastenia gravis
chronic disease characterized by abnormal fatigability of voluntary muscles due to abnormality at myoneural junktion
autoimmune disease
