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human disease > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenic microorganisms

A 
bacteria
rickettsiae
mycoplamsa
viruses
fungi
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2
Q

classificstion of bacteria

A

shape and arrangemneg
gram stain
biochemical and growth
antigenic structure

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3
Q

coccus

A

spherical
pairs
kidney bean shaped

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4
Q

bacillus

A

rod shaped

comma shaped

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5
Q

spriochete

A

spiral

tightly coiled

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6
Q

gram stain

A

postive or negative

based on chemical and physical properites of cell walls

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7
Q

gram postive

A

stains purple

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8
Q

gram negativr

A

stains red

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9
Q

obligate

A

needs oxygen

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10
Q

facultative

A

prefers oxygen

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11
Q

fastidious organisms

A

only be grown on enrimched media under careful conditions

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12
Q

hardy organisms

A

grown in simple media

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13
Q

aerobic organisms

A

bacteria grow best in prescence of oxygen

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14
Q

anaerobic organisms

A

bacteria grows best without oxygen

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15
Q

flagella

A

hair like processes

mobility

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16
Q

spores

A

dormant
extremely resistant bacterial modification

germinate and give rise to actively growing bacteria

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17
Q

where can staphylococcus be found

A

nasal cavity
skin

not pathogenic

opportunistic

produce toxins

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18
Q

staphylococci infections

A 
skin infection
sepsis
endocarditis
arthritis
pneumonia
abscess
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19
Q

where can streptococci be found

A 
skin
mouth 
pharynx
gut
female genital tract

opportunisitc

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20
Q

alpha hemolysis

A

incomplete lysis of red cells

not pathogenic

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21
Q

beta hemolysis

A

complete lysis of red cells

extremely pathogenic

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22
Q

antibiotics

A

destroy bactera or inhibit their growth

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23
Q

bacteria cel structure

A 
genetic material
produce proteins
enzymes
semipermeable cel membrane
rigid cell wall
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24
Q

plasmids

A

smaller DNA molecules

anitbiotic resitance

toxin production

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25
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

interefer with structure pr funktion of cell

inhibit cell wall synthesis

inhibit cell membrane funktion

inhibit metabolic funktions

competiive inhibition

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26
Q

competivie inhibition

A

antibiotic resembes bacterial nutrients amd bacteria does not kneo

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27
Q

antibiotic resistance factors

A 
over prescribing
inaappropriate prescribing
overuse as feed supplement for animals
improper use
spread strains worldwide
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28
Q

rickettsiae

A

obligate intracellulse parasite

insect to human via bite

repsonds to some antibioticd

causes damage to skin

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

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29
Q

mycoplasma

A

smallest, wall less, free living bacteria

penicillin is not affectivr

pneumonia

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30
Q

virus

A

smallest infectious agent

have DNA or RNA in a capsid

lipid envelope

attaches to crlls

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31
Q

viruses dont have

A

nucleis
ribosomes
mitochondria
lyses

rely on host cell
hijacks the cell

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32
Q

classificstion of virsuses

A

nucleic acid structure
size
structural configurstion
biological characterisitcs

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33
Q

tissues infected wtih virus contain

A

inclusion bodies

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34
Q

defense against viruses

A

form interferon

antiviral antibiotics

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35
Q

fungi

A

plantlike without chlorophyll
yeasts and molds
obligate aerobes
oppourtnisitc

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36
Q

yeasts

A

small

reproduce via budding

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37
Q

molds

A

large colonies called hyphae

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38
Q

animal parasites

A

protozoa
metazoa
arthopods

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39
Q

protozoa infections

A

malaria- plasmodium

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40
Q

metazoa infections

A

roundworms
tapeworms
flukes

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41
Q

types of roundworms

A

ascaris
pinworms
trichinella

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42
Q

arthopod infections

A

scabies
crab louse
head lice

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43
Q

communicable disease

A

person to person

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44
Q

endemic

A

small number affected

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45
Q

epidemic

A

large number affected

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46
Q

direct transmission

A

physical contact

droplet spread- sneeze/cough

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47
Q

indirect transmission

A

contaminated food ornwater

insects

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48
Q

methods to contrill communicable diseases

A

eradicate or control disease

identify
isolate
treatment

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49
Q

control contaminated food or water

A

chlorination of water supplies
effective sewage
standards and laws

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50
Q

requirements for effective control

A

cause of disease

methods of transmission

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51
Q

four major stds

A

syphilis
gonorrhea
herpes
hiv/aids

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52
Q

syphilis

A

chancre
genital area
highly infectious even when healed

53
Q

steps pf syphilis

A

primary: chancre
secondsry: systemic
tertiary: destructive lesions

54
Q

tests for syphilis

A

microscopic exam
fluid from chancre
serologic tests

55
Q

congenitial syphilis

A

mother to child

can cause death of fetus

56
Q

gonorrhea

A 
infects mucosal surfsces
pain on urination
discharge
sterility
can enter bloodstream
57
Q

test for gonorrhea

A

culture

treat with antibiotics

58
Q

herpes

A

simplex virus
two types
shallow ulcers
enlarged lymph nodes

59
Q

type 1 herpes

A

imfects oral mucous membrane

60
Q

type 2 herpes

A

infects genital tract

61
Q

vesicle

A

small painful blisters

erupt and form ulcers

62
Q

tests for herpes

A

viral cultures
serologic test

antivrial drugs

63
Q

chlamydia

A

most common std
similar to gonorrhea
sterility

64
Q

tests for chlamydia

A

chlymdial antigens
microscopy
cultures

treat with antibiotics

65
Q

hiv/aids

A

cripples immune system

attacks and destroys t lymphocytes

66
Q

hiv and its target

A

CD4 protein on helper t lymphocytes

has RNA retrovirus

67
Q

viral replication

A

virus binds to cell, fuses with membrance, enters cell

makes DNA copy of RNA

DNA inserted in cells DNA

direct synthesis

68
Q

virus attacks and kills

A

helper t cells

monocytes

69
Q

is there a latent or dormant phase for virus infections

70
Q

early stage of hiv

A

asymptomatic

mild febrile illness

71
Q

late stage of hiv

A 
enlarged lymph nodes
non specific sympts
fever
weak
weight loss
aids
72
Q

pneumocystis carnii pneumonia

A

parasitic infection

rapidly progressive tb

73
Q

kposis sarcome

A

malignant tumor in aids

cancer of oral cavity, rectum, uterine cervix

74
Q

hiv transmission

A

sexual contact
blood and body fluids
mother to infant

75
Q

cure for aids

76
Q

congenital disease

A

abnormality present at birth

77
Q

hereditary or genetic disease

A

chromosome abnormality

defective gene

78
Q

genome

A

total of all genes

79
Q

pairs of autosomes

80
Q

karyotype

A

representation of persons chromomsomal makeup

81
Q

mitosis

A

cell divions of somatic cells

82
Q

four facotrs of congenital malformations

A

chromosomal abnormalities
abnormlaity of individual genes
intrauterine injury
environmental facotrs

83
Q

nondisjunction

A

failure of homogous chromomes to separate

84
Q

monsomy

A

abscence of a chromosome

85
Q

trisomy

A

extra chromosome

86
Q

deletions

A

chromosome breaks and lost

87
Q

translocations

A

misplaces chromosome amd attaches to another

88
Q

turners syndrome

A

abscense of X in females

89
Q

klinefelters syndrome

A

extra X in males

90
Q

austosomal abnormality

A

abscence of autosome- loss of genes

deletion- congenital abnormalities

91
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

nondisjunction during oogensis

92
Q

intrauterine inury

A

harmful drugs and chemicals
radiation
maternal imfectiond

93
Q

examination of fetal cells

A

chromosomal abnormalities
biochemical abnormalities
anaylsis of dna

94
Q

types of fetal dna analysis

A

amniocentesis

chorionic villus sampling

95
Q

amniocentesis

A

alpha feto protein
study amniotic fluid
14-18 week
chromosomal abnormality

96
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

frond like strucutrs that for part of placenta amd attach to lining of uterus

97
Q

advataged of chorionic villis

A

performed earlier
less risk of abortion

but
more difficult
limb deformities

98
Q

cancer

A

any type of malignant growth

unrestrained growth and spread

99
Q

benign

A

slow
expansion
localized
well differentiated (normal)

100
Q

malignant

A

rapid
infilteration
metasisized
poorly differentiated

101
Q

malignant tumors do 3 things

A

infilterate adjacent tissues
invade lymphatic channles amd blood vessels
spread throughout body

102
Q

sarcoma

A

arising from connective tissues such as fat, bone, cartilahe, muscles

less common
spreads rapidly
little differentiation
bloodstream

103
Q

leukemia

A

neoplasm of blood cells

no tumors
diffuses within bone marrow

104
Q

lymphoma

A

neoplasm of lymphod tissue

malignant

105
Q

types of lymphoma

A

hodgkins

non hodgkins

106
Q

low grade lymphoma

A

favorable prognosis

107
Q

intermediate grade lymphoma

A

do not do wellt

108
Q

high grade lymphoma

109
Q

hodgkins disease

A

large cells called reed sternberg cells mixed with lymphocytes, plasma cella, eosinophilrs, fribrous tissue

110
Q

non hodgkin lymphoma

A

no reed sternberg cells

all other types of lymphoma

111
Q

teratoma

A

have bone, msucle, glands, ET, brain tissue, hair, teeth

112
Q

leukemia

A

neoplasm lf hematopoetic tissue

diffuselyninfilterate the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues eventually blood

overproduction of wbc

113
Q

classificstion of leuekemia

A

cell type

maturity

114
Q

anemia

A

inadequate red cell production

115
Q

clinical featurss of leukemia

A

impairment of bone marrow funktion
crowd out normal cells
infilteration of organs

116
Q

multiple myeloma

A

neoplasm of plasma cells confined to bone marrow

bone has honey comb pattern

spontaneous fractures

117
Q

non infilteration (in situ) carcinoma

A

surface of ET
localized
cervix
colom

118
Q

leukoplakia

A

thick whte patches in mucous membrane of mouth due to tobacco use

119
Q

etiologic factors of neoplastic diseasew

A

viruses
gene and chromsomal abnormalities
failure of immunologic defenses
heredity

120
Q

three groups of genes that play role in regulating cell funktions

A

proto oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
dna repair genes

121
Q

proto oncogenes

A

growth genes

becomes oncogenes if mutated

122
Q

oncogene

A

abnormally functioning gene that stimulates excessive cell growth

123
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

suppresses cel proliferation

loss of funktion leads to cell growth

124
Q

dna repair genes

A

regulate processes that monitor amd repair errors in dna duplication

125
Q

diagnosis of tumors

A

recognize early
complete medical hisotry
physical exam
lab tests

126
Q

treatment of tumors

A 
surgrey
radiotherapy
hormones
anticancer drugs
adjuvemt therapy
immunotherapy

often a combo

127
Q

chemotherapy

A

eliminates cells that divide frequently

128
Q

side affects of chemo

A 
anemia
constipation
depression
diarrhea
fatigue
hair loss
infection
anorexia
mouth sores
nausea and vomitting
sexual problems
129
Q

best way to get good turn out with cancerw

A

early diagnosis amd treatment

human disease (5 decks)

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